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The battery is composed of two different materials (lead and Lead dioxide). These two materials react in sulfuric acid solution to generate voltage. During the discharge process, the active material on the positive lead plate and the sulfate radical of the electrolyte generate pbSO4. At the same time, the active material on the negative electrode plate also reacts with the electrolyte sulfate to generate pbSO4. Therefore, as a result of the discharge, Lead(II) sulfate (pbSO4) was overturned on both positive and negative plates. The recovery of the battery is achieved by charging it in the opposite direction.

During the charging process, the chemical reaction state is basically the reverse reaction of discharge. At this time, the Lead(II) sulfate (pbSO4) on the positive and negative plates changes to the original state through analysis, that is, lead and sulfate radical, and the water separates "H" and "O" atoms. When the separated sulfate radical combines with "H", it is reduced to sulfuric acid electrolyte.

As mentioned above, the basic principle of battery operation is the energy formed by the chemical reaction process of ion exchange between sulfuric acid and lead. In the process of energy exchange, the reaction product Lead(II) sulfate is "temporary" on the electrode plate. However, it is worth noting that during the charging and reduction process, the Lead(II) sulfate on the electrode plate cannot be completely dissolved and is stacked on the electrode plate. This accumulation is the residue of the electrochemical reaction, occupying the position of the electrode plate. This means that the effective reaction material of the electrode plate is constantly decreasing, which is a crucial factor leading to battery failure. (The battery failure is caused by Lead(II) sulfate, which is popularly known as plate salinization)

Plate salinization: Most battery failures are attributed to the accumulation of Lead(II) sulfate. When the energy of Lead(II) sulfate molecules is greater than a limit low value, they dissolve from the electrode plate and return to the liquid state. So, they can accept recharging. However, in reality, there is always a portion of sulfate that cannot be returned to the electrolyte, but rather adheres to the electrode plate, ultimately forming insoluble crystals. The formation of sulfate crystals is as follows: the core energy of these individual sulfate molecules that cannot participate in the reaction is in an extremely low state, and it gradually adsorbs other sulfate molecules with extremely low energy. When these molecules pile up and tightly bind, they form a crystal. This type of crystal cannot effectively dissolve into the electrolyte. The presence of these crystals occupies the position of the electrode plate, causing it to lose its ability to charge and discharge. So, the point or part where the plate is overturned is equivalent to a dead center.

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