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4. Who is the ultimate battery of the future?

The current lithium-ion batteries are liquid electrolytes, so the energy density has basically reached its limit, around 300 watt hours per kilogram or 350 watt hours per kilogram, which has already reached its limit. So safety issues often occur. Due to its limited energy density, a safety accident may occur, so we need to consider solid-state batteries.

What does a solid-state battery have? We are currently using lithium-ion batteries, which more comprehensively include batteries such as nickel hydrogen batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, and lead-acid batteries that are all liquid electrolytes. Solid state batteries can be made the same as lithium-ion batteries, except that the electrolyte is replaced with a solid state. It is a solid state, which means there is no liquid or very little liquid in it. Solid state batteries are actually not a new thing. In the "Sixth Five Year Plan" and "Seventh Five Year Plan", we have included solid state batteries as a key topic, and the Ministry of Science and Technology is also the first to list the topic of solid state batteries as a major project.

The key to solid-state batteries is to study solid electrolyte materials, and the negative electrode of solid-state batteries is made of lithium metal. The electrolyte in the middle is a solid, and the solid electrolyte is not a liquid. Therefore, the positive electrode can be made of lithium free positive electrode materials or existing positive electrode materials. If we can find positive electrode materials that do not contain lithium or have higher capacity, we can make solid-state batteries with higher energy density. Its energy density can be greater than 500 watt hours per kilogram, which can greatly reduce safety accidents.

In fact, solid-state batteries are not the day without a short circuit. If a solid-state battery has a short circuit, will it burn on that day? Lithium metal may react in the air, but its quantity is relatively small and it will not explode, so its safety should be said to be safer than current lithium-ion batteries.

Solid electrolytes are basically not original innovations among Chinese people, and there are relatively few. Since we want to develop solid-state batteries, we must have our innovation. There are only a few common polymer materials, such as PEO (polyethylene oxide), PP0 (propylene oxide), and PAN (polyacrylonitrile), which have relatively low room temperature ionic conductivity. Recently, Cui Guanglei from Qingdao Energy Institute has done some new work. He can achieve a negative fourth power Siemens per centimeter of 10 at room temperature, and his battery has also been used, so there should be new progress. After hearing Cui Guanglei's report, Michel Armand sent me an E-MAIL the next day, saying that it seemed that Chinese people had once again reached the forefront of the world.

Recently, a newly introduced Dr. Wang Xuefeng was brought back by the Institute of Physics. He mixed lithium-ion batteries with lithium-oxygen batteries. What did he use? Using molybdenum sulfide as the positive electrode, molybdenum disulfide can be inserted into lithium or oxygen to form a new compound. After mixing, its capacity is quite high. We have also applied for a patent for this work at the Institute of Physics, so this is a new idea that will be useful for solid-state batteries in the future.

So I hope that through the development of solid-state batteries, our country can go from following and running together to leading the way. We have always maintained our position as the number one market share in the world. To maintain this top position, I think we cannot relax our current work on lithium-ion batteries. There are many innovative works and achievements that we need to move towards industrialization.

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