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A team of researchers from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany took inspiration from the special structure of a black butterfly wing to develop 3D printed solar panels that absorb light energy more efficiently. This gift from nature will help scientists develop more efficient and low-cost thin film solar cells. At present, nanoscale thin film solar cells have great potential for creating miniature and inexpensive solar cells. However, their photovoltaic conversion efficiency is currently low, and they are only used in devices such as calculators and watches.

This black butterfly belongs to the genus Pachlioptaaristolochiae, which is widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia. It has a unique wing structure and can be used as a reference for developing more effective small photovoltaic structural cells. Its wings are covered with tiny scales and can harvest sunlight at various angles and wavelengths. The scientific team led by RadwanulSiddique of the California Institute of Technology carefully studied the unique nanoscale microstructure of this butterfly wing under an electron microscope and found that a large number of randomly distributed voids and small pores appeared in its microstructure. These pores with apertures less than one micrometer are key to improving the light energy absorption of butterfly wings.

A team led by RadwanulSiddique from the California Institute of Technology analyzed the 3D models of these wings using computers to better understand their optical properties. Researchers found that the size, distribution, and shape of these pores are random, but their position and order are crucial for improving the efficiency of absorbing light energy. Next, they imitated the nanostructure model of black butterfly wings, allowing some solar cells to mimic the scaly nanopore structure of wings from silicone resin. Then, some solar panels with similar structures were printed for testing, and compared to the previous structure, the light absorption efficiency increased by 200%.

Researchers are currently continuing to work on designing photovoltaic absorbers, hoping to further improve their light harvesting capabilities.

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