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Andre, one of the discoverers of graphene and professor of the University of Manchester, UK ˙ Haim recently told the public at the 2016 China International Graphene Innovation Conference that after winning the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics, he still spent 90% of his time doing basic research in the laboratory. The innovative thinking in his speech is refreshing and open to the mind.

Open a new world of two-dimensional materials

For a long time, people did not know much about crystals with two-dimensional structure. Two dimensional crystals exist in the form of a plane, which is like thinning a three-dimensional crystal to the thickness of an atomic layer. According to traditional theory, it is impossible to find quasi two-dimensional crystal structure in nature because of its thermodynamic instability. Until 2004, Andre ˙ Heim and his colleague Constantine ˙ Novoselov successfully separated graphene, a single-layer graphite sheet, from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite for the first time, and proved that two-dimensional materials can exist stably at room temperature and pressure.

It can be said that the discovery of graphene opened the door to the world of two-dimensional materials. Heim pointed out: "Graphene is not a unique two-dimensional material. There are many two-dimensional materials with special properties, which may perform better in some applications. In addition to graphene, there are many materials similar to graphene that are worth exploring."

For example, phosphene is a monolithic material consisting of ordered phosphorus atoms separated from black phosphorus. Some of its features can be applied to multiple fields. Moreover, the nonlinear optical properties of black phosphorus have been verified by many institutions to be able to generate ultrafast lasers. It is expected that it will become the "second graphene" in the near future.

Silene is a material that is only a single layer of atoms thick and can grow on the silver surface. It has some material properties similar to graphene, but also has some more excellent characteristics, including lower symmetry group and stronger spin orbit coupling. Researchers are exploring that it may be more suitable for integration with silicon based electronic devices and become a competitor of graphene.

Lego splicing on atomic layer

For graphene, researchers can make various splices on its atomic layer, as if children are playing with high building blocks. For example, graphene is stacked layer by layer to generate three-dimensional graphite; The graphene is rolled into a cylinder to become a one-dimensional carbon nanotube; The graphene is made into spherical or ellipsoidal shape to obtain zero dimensional fullerenes. Therefore, graphene can be used as the structural basis of other carbon materials.

Heim pointed out: "The artificial integration of graphene with other materials and the design of a complex structure by pairing atoms in a few weeks will make graphene more 'magical', and on this basis, the different characteristics of these substances will be studied in depth. Such research results can be called graphene 3.0."

For example, the research on the preparation of nanocomposites based on graphene has expanded the application of graphene. At present, there are three main composite methods for graphene: one is surface modification or element doping, so that it can form a stable dispersion system in different solvents; Secondly, they are loaded with inorganic nanoparticles such as metal or metal oxides. Such composites will be widely used in catalysis, biosensors, batteries, supercapacitors, etc; Graphene and polymer composites can show excellent performance in mechanical properties, photovoltaic cells, supercapacitors, etc.

Of course, there are still many problems and challenges in the research of graphene composites, such as the interaction mechanism between graphene and inorganic nanoparticles, the compatibility with polymers, and the expansion and deepening of the application of composites.

Amazing discovery in discarded objects

During the preparation of graphene, people tend to focus on graphene, while Haim's team has been studying the materials that are usually discarded after the single-layer graphene is stripped.

Haim said: "The remaining graphite block crystal is a two-dimensional vacuum zone, in which there are many structural shapes like ultra-fine capillary tubes, about 15 nanometers. When we carried out water transport tests on it, we were surprised to find that when water flows through this ultra-narrow capillary tube, there is almost no obstacle and no friction, reaching a flow rate of 1 meter/second, and the tube wall is very smooth, and the water sliding distance is relatively long."

The Heim team explained that this is a new nano scale system, and the precision of its capillaries is unimaginable. More importantly, these ultramicro capillaries can be used to prepare a variety of materials, which can not only control the capillary size, but also adjust the performance of the capillary wall. These materials are expected to be used in new filtration, seawater desalination and gas separation technologies in the future.

Heim added: "Many scientific discoveries in the basic research of graphene are amazing, and it is very cool to make the newly discovered materials useful, among which there will be countless possibilities for research and development to be explored. Such research deeply affects us."

Undoubtedly, the discovery of graphene provides researchers with a research object full of charm and imagination, and learning how to do basic research with the "father of graphene" can be described as constantly refreshing the vision of innovation. It is believed that in the near future, "versatile" graphene will bring about disruptive changes in many fields.

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