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Recently, the research team led by Professor Dae HyeongKim of Seoul University in South Korea published an article in NatureNanotechnology, reporting the new use of graphene based wearable devices in the field of diabetes treatment. Diabetic patients need to monitor their blood sugar level and take drugs for a long time. Most of the current common blood sugar measurement methods need to draw blood, which is troublesome and has health risks. The wearable patch invented by Kim et al., which is attached to the skin, detects the blood sugar level by measuring the glucose content in human sweat, does not cause any trauma, and can also deliver drugs to treat diabetes through the skin. （Agraphene-basedelectrochemicaldevicewiththermoresponsivemicroneedlesfordiabetesmonitoringandtherapy.Nat.Nanotechnol.,DOI:10.1038/nnano.2016.38）

The team decided to measure the glucose content in sweat because previous studies have proved that the glucose content in sweat can be used to assess the level of blood sugar. This new device uses a fluoropolymer Nafion layer to absorb sweat and transfer it to related sensors, which are based on modified graphene. The team doped gold atoms into graphene and functionalized it with electrochemical active materials. In the glucose sensor of the wearable patch, glucose oxidase reacts with glucose to generate hydrogen peroxide, and this substance can interact with the doped graphene and generate an electrical signal, which is proportional to the content of glucose. The patch also includes a pH sensor and a temperature sensor to help ensure that the glucose sensor signal accurately reflects the glucose level in the sweat water. The signal of glucose sensor can be transmitted to an analysis module, and then the data can be transmitted to an output terminal, such as a smart phone, by wireless means.

When two healthy volunteers used the patch, the measured blood glucose level was consistent with the results of the commercially available blood glucose meter, including the temporary increase of blood glucose after meals. Another part of the wearable patch is a drug delivery module, which includes a 1mm long polymer microneedle array penetrating the skin. Each microneedle is made by mixing the diabetes drug metformin and the soluble polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone. These microneedles are coated with a layer of tridecanoic acid on the surface to prevent dissolution of these microneedles. At the top of the microneedle array is a "heater" composed of gold and graphene mesh (see figure n below), which can melt the tridecanoic acid coating, so the microneedle will dissolve and release diabetes drugs. In the experiment of diabetes mice, this wearable patch can provide enough metformin for the mice to reduce the excessive blood sugar level of the animals by more than 50% within 6 hours.

Richard Guy of the University of Bath believes that the glucose sensor of the patch is more practical than the drug delivery module, because the microneedle array of the drug delivery module in practical application needs to be as small as possible, which means that researchers must find a diabetes drug that can also have a good hypoglycemic effect at the low dose that can be carried by the microneedle. Guy also pointed out that the glucose sensor also needs to solve the calibration problem, and how to ensure the accuracy of the reading for a long time in use.

However, Guy still thinks the wearable patch is impressive. In a special review, he said that the best way to treat diabetes is to use a non-invasive method to monitor and control blood sugar levels, and this research result makes scientists go further towards this goal.

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