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9. The incoming shell material has a thicker shell wall, and the deformation of the shell affects the thickness;

10. The high temperature outside is also an important cause of explosions.

Protective measures taken by batteries

After overcharging the lithium-ion battery cell to a voltage higher than 4.2V, it will begin to have side effects. The higher the overcharging voltage, the higher the danger. When the voltage of a lithium battery cell exceeds 4.2V, less than half of the lithium atoms remain in the positive electrode material. At this time, the storage cell often collapses, causing a permanent decrease in battery capacity. If charging continues, as the storage cell of the negative electrode is already filled with lithium atoms, subsequent lithium metal will accumulate on the surface of the negative electrode material. These lithium atoms will grow dendritic crystals from the negative electrode surface towards the direction of lithium ions. These lithium metal crystals will pass through the diaphragm paper, causing a short circuit between the positive and negative poles. Sometimes, the battery explodes before a short circuit occurs. This is because during overcharging, materials such as electrolyte will crack and produce gas, causing the battery casing or pressure valve to bulge and rupture, allowing oxygen to enter and react with lithium atoms accumulated on the negative electrode surface, leading to an explosion.

Therefore, when charging lithium-ion batteries, it is necessary to set a voltage limit in order to simultaneously consider the battery's lifespan, capacity, and safety. The ideal upper limit of charging voltage is 4.2V. When discharging lithium batteries, there should also be a lower voltage limit. When the voltage of the battery cell is below 2.4V, some materials will begin to be damaged. Due to the self discharge of the battery, the voltage will decrease as it is discharged for a long time. Therefore, it is best not to discharge it at 2.4V before stopping. During the discharge period from 3.0V to 2.4V, lithium-ion batteries only release about 3% of the battery capacity. Therefore, 3.0V is an ideal discharge cutoff voltage. During charging and discharging, in addition to voltage limitation, current limitation is also necessary. When the current is too high, lithium ions do not have time to enter the storage cell and will gather on the surface of the material.

After these lithium ions acquire electrons, lithium atom crystals will appear on the surface of the material, which is similar to overcharging and can cause danger. If the battery casing breaks, it will explode. Therefore, the protection of lithium-ion batteries should include at least three items: upper limit of charging voltage, lower limit of discharge voltage, and upper limit of current. In general, in a lithium-ion battery pack, in addition to the lithium-ion battery cells, there is a protective plate, which is important for providing these three protections.

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