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Research on Fuel Power Cells

The Development of Fuel Power Cells

Fuel powered cells are an independent power plant. Its emergence and development are based on electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, electrode process dynamics, materials science, chemical processes, and automation. More than 160 years have passed since Grove published the world's first report on fuel power cells in 1839. From a technical perspective, we recognize that the emergence, development, and improvement of new concepts are key to the development of fuel power cells. For example, fuel power cells use gas as an oxidant and fuel, but the solubility of gas in liquid electrolytes is very low, resulting in a low operating current density of the battery. Therefore, the concept of porous gas diffusion electrode and three-phase interface of electrochemical reaction was proposed. The emergence of porous gas diffusion electrodes provides necessary conditions for the practical application of fuel power cells. To stabilize the three-phase interface, a dual pore structure electrode is used, and hydrophobic materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene are added to the electrode to prepare a bonded hydrophobic electrode. In order to establish a three-phase electrode interface for solid-state electrolyte membranes of fuel power cells, such as proton exchange membrane fuel power cells and solid oxide fuel power cells, ion exchange resin or solid oxide electrolyte materials are mixed with electrocatalyst to achieve three-dimensional electrodes.

Materials science is the foundation of the development of fuel power cells. The discovery of a high-performance new material and its application in fuel power cells will promote the rapid development of fuel power cells. For example, the development of asbestos film and its successful application in alkaline batteries have ensured the successful application of asbestos film alkaline hydrogen oxygen fuel power cells in space shuttles. The development of a stable lithium aluminate separator in molten carbonate has accelerated the construction of a megawatt level experimental power plant for molten carbonate fuel power cells. With the development of yttria stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte separators, solid oxide fuel power cells have become a research hotspot for future fuel power cell dispersion power plants. The emergence of perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membranes has promoted the revival and rapid development of proton exchange membrane fuel cell research.

Before the 1960s, due to the rapid development and progress of hydropower, thermal power, and chemical batteries, fuel power cells were already in the basic research stage of theory and application, mainly related to concepts, materials, and principles. The breakthrough of fuel power cells is important for scientists. In the 1960s, due to the urgent demand for high-power, high specific power, and high specific energy batteries in manned spacecraft, fuel power cells attracted high attention from some countries and special departments. It is in this context that the United States introduced Bacon technology and successfully developed the Bacon type medium temperature hydrogen oxygen fuel cell as an important power source on the Apollo spacecraft. Since the 1990s, in order to achieve sustainable development, protect the Earth, and benefit future generations, humans have increasingly focused on environmental protection issues. Based on the rapid development of proton exchange membrane fuel power cells, various electric vehicles powered by them have been developed. In addition to high cost, their performance can be comparable to diesel locomotives. Therefore, fuel cell electric vehicles have become the focus of attention and competition for the US government and large car companies.

From an investment perspective, the development of fuel cell investment previously relied heavily on the government, but now companies have become the main investors in fuel cell development, especially in fuel cell electric vehicles. All major automotive and oil companies in the world are involved in the development of fuel cell vehicles. In just a few years, approximately $8 billion has been invested in the development of 41 types of fuel electric vehicles, including 24 types of buses, 9 types of intercity buses, and 3 types of light trucks. This year, the United States announced a $2.5 billion development plan for fuel cell vehicles, with $1.5 billion coming from state governments and $1 billion from the three major automotive giants.

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