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Graphene is a honeycomb like planar thin film formed by sp2 hybridization of carbon atoms. It is a quasi two-dimensional material with only one atomic layer thickness, also known as single atomic layer graphite. Its thickness is approximately 0.335nm, with different fluctuations depending on the preparation method. It typically has a vertical height of about 1nm and a horizontal width of about 10nm to 25nm. It is the basic structural unit of all carbon crystals (zero dimensional fullerene, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, three-dimensional oriented graphite) except for diamond.

The application of graphene in the energy field

Among them, the application of graphene in the energy field is the hottest and most promising direction. In principle, graphene, as an excellent two-dimensional conductive material, can be added to lithium-ion battery cathode materials (such as lithium iron phosphate) to improve the conductivity of the electrode material and wrap the positive electrode nanoparticles, which is an upgrade of the existing "carbon black+carbon nanotube" conductive agent.

The addition of graphene conductive agents to lithium batteries results in varying degrees of improvement in rate performance, consistency, and lifespan (which is an advantage, right?).

In addition, graphene can also be added to new negative electrode materials (such as mesophase carbon microspheres) to improve the performance of electrode materials, which is also a possibility for future development.

Although these applications are not the most core technology of lithium batteries and do not significantly improve the capacity and density of lithium batteries, they can improve the comprehensive performance of battery packs and even new energy vehicles, making them a relatively mature direction in the field of graphene application technology.

Graphene battery is a new energy battery developed by utilizing the rapid and massive shuttle motion of lithium ions between the graphene surface and electrodes.

The basic principle of graphene batteries: The relationship between time (hours, days) and the generated voltage of graphene batteries in saturated copper chloride solution.

Experiment to create a circuit that includes LEDs, which are connected to ribbon graphene using wires. They simply placed graphene in a copper chloride solution for observation. The LED light is on. In fact, they need 6 graphene circuits to form a series connection, which can generate the required 2V to make the LED light up and obtain this image.

Xu Zihan and colleagues said that the situation here is that copper ions have a double positive charge and pass through the solution at a speed of about 300 meters per second, due to the thermal energy of the solution at room temperature. When ions violently collide with graphene bands, the collision generates enough energy to cause electrons that are not in situ to leave graphene. There are two options for electrons: they can leave the graphene band and combine with copper ions, or they can pass through graphene and enter the circuit.

Originally, flowing electrons in graphene are faster than they can pass through the solution, so electrons naturally choose their path and pass through the circuit. "It is precisely this that illuminates LED lights. 'The electrons released tend to pass through the graphene surface rather than enter the electrolyte. This is how the device generates voltage,'" said Xu Zihan.

Therefore, the energy generated by this device comes from the heat of the surrounding environment. They can increase the current by heating the solution or by using ultrasound to accelerate copper ions. By relying solely on the surrounding heat, their graphene batteries can run continuously for 20 days. However, there is also an important question mark. Another assumption is that a certain chemical reaction produces an electric current, similar to a regular battery.

However, Xu Zihan and colleagues said they ruled out this because several control experiments were conducted. However, these are introduced in some supplementary materials and do not seem to be posted on the arXiv website. They need to make it public before others make serious statements. From a surface value perspective, this seems to be a very important achievement. Others also generate overcurrent in graphene, but only let water flow through it, so it's not really surprising that moving ions can also produce such effects. This indicates that clean green batteries are driven solely by environmental heat. Xu Zihan and his colleagues said, "This represents a huge breakthrough, studying self driving technology.".

Advantages and disadvantages of graphene batteries:

Advantages:

1) The energy storage capacity is three times that of the best products in the current market. The specific energy value of a lithium battery (based on the most advanced) is 180wh/kg, while the specific energy of a graphene battery exceeds 600wh/kg.

2) An electric vehicle powered by this battery can travel up to 1000 kilometers, and its charging time is less than 8 minutes.

3) Long service life. Its service life is four times that of traditional hydrogenated batteries and twice that of lithium batteries.

4) Lightweight. The characteristics of graphene allow the weight of batteries to be reduced by half compared to traditional batteries, which can improve the efficiency of the machine that loads the battery.

5) Low cost. The company that produces this type of battery stated that its cost will be 77% lower than that of lithium batteries

”High stability, long battery life, and fast charging speed;

Disadvantages:

Traditional conductive carbon/graphite is very cheap and sold by ton, while graphene is too expensive. The price of one gram to thousands is not something that ordinary businesses can afford. A few years ago, the price of graphene was as high as 5000 yuan per gram, far exceeding the price of gold, which ordinary consumers could not afford.

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