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What is battery balancing?

Battery balancing refers to the use of differential current across different batteries (or battery packs) in a series of battery packs. The current of each battery in a series battery pack is usually the same, so additional components and circuits must be added to the battery pack to balance the battery. The battery balance issue will only be considered when the batteries in the battery pack are connected in series and the connected batteries are equal to or greater than three levels.

When all batteries in the battery pack meet the following two conditions, the battery reaches equilibrium:

When the capacity of all batteries is the same and the relative charging state of the batteries is the same, battery balance will be achieved. SOC is usually expressed as the percentage of current capacity to rated capacity, so open circuit voltage (OCV) can be used as a measure of SOC. If all batteries in an unbalanced battery pack can be charged to their maximum capacity through differential charging (balance point), they can be charged and discharged normally without any additional adjustments, usually a one-time adjustment. When using a new battery, users usually need to charge it for a long time, which actually requires a full charge at once. This process minimizes the load, maximizes battery charging time, and reduces the requirements for battery balancing circuits.

When the state of charge of the battery is the same, if the battery capacity is different, it is considered that the battery is in a balanced state. But SOC is only a relative value, and the absolute value of each battery capacity is different. In order to ensure consistent state of charge for batteries of different capacities, differential current must be used every time the battery is continuously charged and discharged. The normal charging and discharging time is shorter than the initial charging and discharging time, requiring more current.

When the battery pack is unbalanced, its available capacity will decrease, and the battery with the lowest capacity in the series battery pack will determine the total capacity of the battery pack. In an unbalanced battery pack, one or more batteries reach their maximum capacity before other batteries need to be charged. And during discharge, the battery that is not fully charged will discharge before other batteries, causing the battery pack to stop supplying power earlier due to insufficient voltage.

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