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1、 Lithium metal batteries: Lithium metal batteries generally use manganese dioxide as the positive electrode material, metallic lithium or its alloy metal as the negative electrode material, and use non-aqueous electrolyte solutions.

2、 Lithium ion batteries: Lithium ion batteries are generally batteries that use lithium alloy metal oxides as the positive electrode material, graphite as the negative electrode material, and non-aqueous electrolytes.

Although lithium metal batteries have a high energy density, theoretically they can reach 3860 watts per kilogram. However, due to its unstable nature and inability to charge, it cannot be used as a power battery for repeated use. And lithium-ion batteries, due to their ability to charge repeatedly, are being developed as the main power battery. However, due to the combination of different elements, the positive electrode materials formed by them have significant differences in performance in various aspects, leading to increased disputes in the industry over the route of positive electrode materials. Therefore, both parties have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Lithium ion battery: It is a type of secondary battery (rechargeable battery) that mainly relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes to work. During the charging and discharging process, Li+is intercalated and deintercaled back and forth between the two electrodes: during charging, Li+is deintercaled from the positive electrode, embedded into the negative electrode through the electrolyte, and the negative electrode is in a lithium rich state; When discharging, the opposite is true.

Lithium batteries are divided into lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Both mobile phones and laptops use lithium-ion batteries, commonly known as lithium batteries. Batteries generally use materials containing lithium as electrodes, which are representative of modern high-performance batteries. However, real lithium batteries are rarely used in daily electronic products due to their high risk.

Lithium ion batteries were first successfully developed by Sony in 1990. It involves embedding lithium ions into carbon (petroleum coke and graphite) to form a negative electrode (traditional lithium batteries use lithium or lithium alloys as the negative electrode). The positive electrode materials commonly use LixCoO2, LixNiO2, and LixMnO4, and the electrolyte uses LiPF6+ethylene carbonate (EC)+dimethyl carbonate (DMC).

Petroleum coke and graphite are non-toxic and have sufficient resources as negative electrode materials. Lithium ions are embedded in carbon, overcoming the high activity of lithium and solving the safety problems of traditional lithium batteries. The positive electrode LixCoO2 can achieve high levels of charging and discharging performance and lifespan, reducing costs. In short, the comprehensive performance of lithium-ion batteries has been improved. It is expected that lithium-ion batteries will occupy a large market in the 21st century.

The reaction formula for charging and discharging lithium-ion secondary batteries is LiCoO2+C=Li1 xCoO2+LixC [1]

Lithium ion batteries are easily confused with the following two types of batteries:

(1) Lithium battery: uses metallic lithium as the negative electrode.

(2) Lithium ion batteries: use non-aqueous liquid organic electrolytes.

(3) Lithium ion polymer battery: use polymer to gel liquid organic solvent, or directly use all solid electrolyte. Lithium ion batteries generally use graphite like carbon materials as the negative electrode.

In 1970, Exxon's M S. Whittingham used titanium sulfide as the positive electrode material and metallic lithium as the negative electrode material to create the first lithium battery. The positive electrode material of lithium batteries is manganese dioxide or sulfite chloride, and the negative electrode is lithium. After the battery assembly is completed, the battery has voltage and does not need to be charged. Lithium ion batteries are the development of lithium-ion batteries. For example, the button type battery used in cameras in the past belonged to lithium batteries. This type of battery can also be charged, but its cycling performance is not good. During the charging and discharging cycle, lithium crystals are easily formed, causing internal short circuits in the battery. Therefore, charging is generally prohibited for this type of battery. [2]

In 1982, R R. Agarwal and J R. Selman found that lithium ions have the characteristic of embedding into graphite, and this process is fast and reversible. At the same time, the safety hazards of lithium batteries made of metallic lithium have attracted much attention. Therefore, people have attempted to use the characteristic of lithium ions embedded in graphite to make rechargeable batteries. The first available lithium-ion graphite electrode was successfully developed by Bell Laboratories.

1983 M Thackeray, J Goodenough et al. found that manganese spinel is an excellent cathode material with low cost, stability, and excellent conductivity and lithium conductivity. Its decomposition temperature is high and its oxidation resistance is much lower than that of lithium cobalt oxide. Even in the event of short circuits and overcharging, it can avoid the danger of combustion and explosion.

In 1989, A Manthiram and J Goodenough found that using a polymeric anion as the positive electrode will generate a higher voltage.

In 1992, Sony Corporation of Japan invented a lithium battery with carbon material as the negative electrode and lithium containing compounds as the positive electrode. During the charging and discharging process, there is no metallic lithium present, only lithium ions, which is the lithium-ion battery. Subsequently, lithium-ion batteries revolutionized the appearance of consumer electronics products. This type of battery, which uses lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode material, is still the main power source for portable electronic devices to this day.

In 1996, Padhi and Goodenough discovered phosphates with olivine structures, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), which are safer than traditional cathode materials, especially in terms of high temperature resistance and overcharging resistance, far exceeding traditional lithium-ion battery materials.

Throughout the history of battery development, it can be seen that there are three characteristics of the current global battery industry development. The first is the rapid development of green and environmentally friendly batteries, including lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen nickel batteries, etc; The second is the conversion from primary batteries to batteries, which is in line with sustainable development strategies; The third is the further development of batteries towards small, light, and thin directions. Among commercialized rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries have the highest specific energy, especially polymer lithium-ion batteries, which can achieve thinness in rechargeable batteries. Because lithium-ion batteries have high volumetric and mass specific energy, are rechargeable and pollution-free, and possess the three major characteristics of current battery industry development, they have seen rapid growth in developed countries. The development of telecommunications and information markets, especially the widespread use of mobile phones and laptops, has brought market opportunities for lithium-ion batteries. Polymer lithium-ion batteries in lithium-ion batteries, with their unique advantages in safety, will gradually replace liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries and become the mainstream of lithium-ion batteries. Polymer lithium-ion batteries are known as the "batteries of the 21st century" and will usher in a new era of batteries, with very optimistic development prospects.

In March 2015, Sharp of Japan and Professor Tanaka Gong from Kyoto University successfully developed a lithium-ion battery with a lifespan of up to 70 years. The long-life lithium-ion battery developed this time has a volume of 8 cubic centimeters and can be charged and discharged up to 25000 times. And Sharp stated that the performance of this long-life lithium-ion battery remains stable even after 10000 actual charges and discharges.

Steel shell/aluminum shell/cylindrical/flexible packaging series:

(1) Positive electrode - The active substance is generally lithium manganese oxide or lithium cobalt oxide, with nickel cobalt manganese oxide materials. Electric bicycles generally use nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium (commonly known as ternary) or ternary+a small amount of lithium manganese oxide. Pure lithium manganese oxide and lithium iron phosphate gradually fade out due to their large volume, poor performance, or high cost. The conductive electrode fluid uses electrolytic aluminum foil with a thickness of 10-20 microns.

(2) Diaphragm - a specially formed polymer film with a microporous structure that allows lithium ions to pass freely, while electrons cannot.

(3) Negative electrode - The active material is graphite or carbon with a similar graphite structure, and the conductive current collector uses electrolytic copper foil with a thickness of 7-15 microns.

(4) Organic electrolyte - carbonate solvent dissolved with lithium hexafluorophosphate, and gel electrolyte used for polymer.

(5) Battery shell - divided into steel shell (rarely used in square shape), aluminum shell, nickel plated iron shell (used in cylindrical batteries), aluminum-plastic film (soft packaging), etc., as well as the battery cover, which is also the positive and negative terminals of the battery.

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