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1. 2 for startup, 3 for power, 4 for fixed valve control and sealing, and 4 for small valve control and sealing. This method is mainly classified in terms of structure, but also in terms of use. It is still difficult for non-battery practitioners to understand. It is easy to understand from the perspective of pure market application. According to this standard, lead-acid batteries are divided into two categories:

1. Main power supply, including: communication equipment, industrial instruments and equipment, electric control machine tools, portable equipment;

2. Standby power supply, including emergency equipment, communication base station, electronic switch system and solar system. This application classification has many intersections with the application of lithium-ion batteries. In terms of market capacity, this intersection mainly focuses on power batteries, such as electric bicycles and small passenger vehicles. In the field of power battery, the main issue is the competition between the two technologies. Therefore, it is representative to compare the difference between lead-acid battery and lithium battery in this field. Otherwise, the reference is uncertain, and the comparison is boundless.

The source of all the differences between the two is based on the performance of materials. The positive and negative electrode materials of lead-acid batteries are lead oxide, metal lead and concentrated sulfuric acid; Lithium-ion batteries have four components: positive electrode (lithium cobaltate/lithium manganate/lithium iron phosphate/ternary), negative electrode graphite, diaphragm and electrolyte. The main differences are as follows:

1. Nominal voltage is different: 2.0V for single lead acid battery, 3.6V for single lithium battery;

2. Different energy density: lead acid battery 30WH/KG, lithium battery 110WH/KG;

3. The cycle life is different. The lead acid battery has an average of 300-500 times, and the lithium battery has more than 1000 times. From the two mainstream technology routes of lithium bicycle, the difference between lithium ternary battery and lithium iron phosphate battery is also relatively large. The discharge life of lithium ternary battery is 1000 times, and the life of lithium iron phosphate battery can reach 2000 times;

4. Charging method: The lithium battery adopts the voltage and current limiting method, that is, the current and voltage are given a limited threshold, while the lead-acid battery has many charging methods. The key points are: constant current charging method, constant voltage charging method, stage equal current charging method and float charging, which cannot be described all.

The above are the differences in the electrical performance characteristics of the two based on the different working principles. In addition, there are two other factors that affect the promotion of the two: safety and cost, which can be called market factors. Unlike the lithium battery, which is characterized by electrical performance, the lead-acid battery dominates the market.

1. Safety: lead-acid batteries are not prone to accidents due to high current discharge, because they are highly sealed. Even if there is an accident (such as leakage), their positive and negative electrodes and lead-acid electrolyte are not flammable. The electrolyte of lithium ion battery is ester solution, which is flammable and volatile. The working principle of lithium battery is that lithium ions are embedded/embedded between the positive and negative electrodes through a diaphragm, and lithium dendrites will be formed when a large current passes through. These two factors are the source of combustion and explosion of lithium battery.

2. Cost: The materials and working requirements of lead-acid batteries are much lower. In terms of electric bicycles, lithium batteries alone may be the value of the entire electric vehicle assembled with lead-acid batteries.

In the market of electric bicycles and small household vehicles, lead-acid batteries and lithium batteries are both used because of their comparative advantages. Lithium batteries have advantages in electrical performance and convenience, while lead-acid batteries have advantages in safety and cost. The performance of these two types of batteries in other applications is similar.

1. Rechargeable battery (alkaline battery - lead-acid battery)

2. Cycle service life (1200~2000 times - 500~900 times)

3. Specific energy (150W · h/kg - 40W · h/kg)

4. Charging time (2~4h - fast charging 3~6h (fast charging technology is not yet mature), slow charging more than 8h)

5. Charge and discharge energy efficiency (the charge and discharge energy conversion efficiency of lithium ion battery can be greater than 97% - the charge and discharge energy conversion efficiency of lead acid battery is about 80%)

6. Price (higher 24V/10Ah price: 750~1200 yuan - lower 24V/12Ah price: 200~300 yuan)

7. Volume (the volume of small lithium-ion battery is 2/3 of that of lead-acid battery - large volume)

8. Weight (only 1/3~1/4 of lead-acid battery weight - heavy)

9. Range (power - environmental protection)

10. There is no pollution in production and use (there is pollution in production - there is a large amount of lead in lead-acid batteries, which will pollute the environment if disposed improperly after being discarded).

11. Lithium-ion battery (charged by constant flow and constant voltage - lithium battery is vulnerable to overcharge, deep discharge and short circuit damage)

12. Charging and maintenance (complex, high maintenance costs - simple, low maintenance costs provide open circuit)

13. Power supply (small open-circuit power supply, more series connection - large open-circuit power supply)

"Lithium battery" is a kind of battery with lithium metal or lithium alloy as anode material and non-aqueous electrolyte solution. In 1912, lithium metal batteries were first proposed and studied by Gilbert N. Lewis. In the 1970s, M.S. Whittingham proposed and began to study lithium-ion batteries. Due to the very active chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage and use of lithium metal have very high environmental requirements. Therefore, lithium batteries have not been used for a long time. With the development of science and technology, lithium battery has become the mainstream.

Lithium batteries can be roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium and can be recharged. Lithium metal battery, the fifth generation of rechargeable battery, was born in 1996. Its safety, specific capacity, self-discharge rate and performance-price ratio are better than lithium ion battery. Due to its own high technical requirements, only a few companies in a few countries are producing this lithium metal battery.

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