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Low-speed electric vehicle is an industry that has developed completely on the demand of the market without the support of national policies and funds. It has played a certain role in the new energy electric vehicle industry. However, at present, the majority of low-speed electric vehicles use mature lead-acid batteries as the power, and rarely use lithium-ion batteries as the power. The reason why low-speed electric vehicles use lead-acid batteries as power is largely due to the competitive advantages of lead-acid batteries at present. Moreover, lead-acid batteries are relatively mature with stable performance and good safety. All of these make low-speed electric vehicles choose lead-acid batteries on the technical route of lithium battery.

With regard to the choice of lead-acid battery as power source for low-speed electric vehicles, although it has great advantages in economic cost, there is a huge risk of environmental pollution. With regard to the lifting of the ban on low-speed electric vehicles and the establishment of standards, on April 14, 2016, the National Standardization Administration Committee publicly solicited opinions on the first batch of national standard projects to be established in 2016 on its website. In 2016, the first batch of proposed project approval standards, "Technical Conditions for Four-wheel Low-speed Electric Passenger Vehicles", were placed in the project approval column. In the opinion column, it is clearly pointed out that the use of lithium-ion batteries as power for low-speed electric vehicles is the threshold. There are two voices in this opinion. One is to support lithium-ion electrification of low-speed electric vehicles, and the other is to maintain the use of lead-acid batteries for low-speed electric vehicles. Both sides have sufficient and reasonable reasons to prove the rationality of the choice of technical route. I prefer to choose lithium-ion battery when choosing power lithium battery. In terms of technology and operation management, the choice of lithium-ion battery as power is bound to become the development trend of low-speed electric vehicles.

Structure of lead-acid battery

The positive material of lead-acid battery is mainly composed of PbO2, the negative material is mainly composed of Pb, and the electrolyte is usually dilute sulfuric acid. During the discharge process, the bisulfate reaction rule is followed. PbSO4 grains are generated on both positive and negative electrode materials. The nominal voltage of lead-acid battery is 2V, the theoretical specific energy is 166.9W/kg, and the actual specific energy is 35-45W/kg. Due to the conductivity of the electrolyte, it is not allowed to charge lead-acid batteries with large current when there is self-discharge and charging, so the charging of lead-acid batteries is generally limited to below 0.3C.

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The processing technology of lead-acid batteries is relatively mature. Although many companies have made many innovations and breakthroughs in the preparation process of positive and negative electrode materials, there is no fundamental innovation and breakthrough in the basic technology of using materials. On the basis of the improvement and innovation of the preparation process, the storage capacity, self-discharge property and charging resistance of lead-acid batteries have been improved to a certain extent. But there has been no qualitative change. The materials used for lead-acid battery itself have a certain risk of environmental pollution. Under the complex working conditions of low-speed electric vehicles, it is very likely that electrolyte leakage will occur, or other conditions will cause the positive and negative electrode materials in lead-acid batteries to drain into the environment, causing certain pollution to the environment.

At present, the lead-acid battery is prepared from the lead ore in the upstream, and the industrial chain of various manufacturers is relatively complete, and the competition is relatively full. In addition, the technical maturity of the industry development, including the localization rate of industrial equipment, is relatively high, so the product price is relatively low, and the use of low-speed electric vehicles has cost advantages.

Structure of lithium ion battery

Lithium-ion batteries work mainly by moving lithium between the positive and negative electrodes. During the charging and discharging process, Li+is embedded and de-embedded between the two electrodes. The important cathode material is the active material of lithium ion, which is generally lithium manganate ion or lithium cobaltate ion, nickel-cobalt lithium manganate ion material (commonly known as ternary), lithium iron phosphate and other active lithium ion compounds. The important anode material is the lithium ion - carbon interlayer compound LiXC6, which is basically carbon material with good performance and chemical stability, such as graphite, carbon fiber, glass carbon, etc. In terms of anode material, graphene has attracted more and more attention from lithium ion battery manufacturers and investment institutions due to its excellent charge and discharge performance. The electrolyte is usually carbonate solvent dissolved with lithium hexafluorophosphate ion, while the polymer uses gel electrolyte. At present, the largest manufacturer processing electrolyte in China is a type of manufacturer represented by Dofluoro (002407). At present, the energy density of the relatively hot lithium-ion battery is about 100-150Wh/kg, which is obviously much higher than that of the lead-acid battery. Because the electrolyte uses organic solvent, its conductivity is very weak. The self-discharge of lithium-ion battery is very small. High current charging is allowed during charging. Therefore, the charge of lithium-ion battery can reach 1C.

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The processing technology of lithium-ion batteries is now very mature, but there is still a long way to go in terms of the localization of core materials such as positive and negative electrode materials and separators. With the continuous progress and development of assembly technology, as well as a large amount of domestic capital pouring into the lithium-ion battery industry chain. Key raw materials continue to make breakthroughs, and a large number of new lithium-ion battery manufacturers will be built and put into operation in the next two years, which will inevitably lead to excess production of lithium-ion batteries and the price will fall. With the intensive investment of capital and the improvement of upstream and downstream industrial chains, the price of lithium-ion batteries will reach a level acceptable for low-speed electric vehicles. More importantly, the material structure of lithium-ion battery itself determines that it will not have a huge risk of environmental pollution.

The excellent performance of lithium-ion batteries, if they can compete with lead-acid batteries in price, will have a profound impact on the range and charging use of low-speed electric vehicles, and will even have a huge impact on the industry. I am optimistic about the price and cost advantages of lithium-ion batteries applied to low-speed electric vehicles.

After comparing the structure of lead-acid battery and lithium-ion battery, the main pollution points of power lithium-ion battery in the use of low-speed electric vehicles are as follows:

1. The car body is overturned or damaged in collision. In this case, the lead-acid battery is extremely prone to electrolyte leakage, and some materials inside the lead-acid battery leak. However, due to the great difference between the manufacturing process of lithium-ion battery vehicles and lead-acid batteries, the leakage of lithium-ion battery vehicles is very limited or even negligible.

2. Replace one or two batteries with problems during use. It is easy to discard at will after replacement. In this case, the battery can easily become a source of pollution. Compared with the amount of lead-acid batteries and the materials used, lithium-ion batteries without heavy metals have little impact on the environment. However, the heavy metal lead in lead-acid batteries will exert great pressure and influence on the environment.

3. Disposal of waste materials that have reached their service life. First of all, the charge and discharge times of lithium-ion batteries are far greater than that of lead-acid batteries. The replacement rate of lithium-ion battery is much slower than that of lead-acid battery. Even if the service life or scrapping conditions are reached. Lithium-ion batteries still have high capacitance. It can also be used for energy storage and enter the next cycle. Although the residual value of lead-acid batteries is relatively high, it is very easy to discard them at will or circulate them to some small renovation workshops in circulation, especially in rural remote areas and specific use links, and become completely out of control.

With the increasing market of low-speed electric vehicles, low-speed electric vehicles have their own advantages in the new energy electric vehicle industry. At the same time, with its practicality, low cost and convenience, it is increasingly favored by urban and rural residents, especially for improving the travel of urban and rural residents. The basic logistics and basic passenger flow between villages and towns have objectively reduced the circulation cost. It has played a huge role in the appropriate use space. The lightweight development direction of low-speed electric vehicles and the demand for long range also need to use lithium-ion batteries as the driving power in terms of power.

At present, the price of lithium-ion batteries can not be reduced to the price that competes with lead-acid batteries in a certain period of time, but it can not be denied that the price of lithium-ion batteries is gradually decreasing. Moreover, the national policy tax increase on lead-acid batteries also promotes the rapid development of lithium-ion batteries and occupies the rapidly rising market of low-speed electric vehicles. With the expansion of production of major domestic lithium ion battery manufacturers, the orderly and fierce competition will inevitably bring high-quality and low-cost power lithium ion batteries. In the solicitation of opinions on the Technical Conditions for Four-wheel Low-speed Electric Passenger Vehicles, lithium-ion batteries are regarded as the basic requirements for power lithium batteries. It is also the national level that is also facing the market of low-speed electric vehicles, which can improve people's livelihood.

Low-speed electric vehicles have great potential in the future.

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