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Recently, the 27th regular meeting of the FOURIN World Automotive Research Association was held in Beijing. Wang Fang, the chief expert of the China Automotive Technology Research Center, gave a keynote speech on the current situation of power batteries at home and abroad, conducted in-depth analysis on the technology and market competitiveness of power batteries at home and abroad, and put forward suggestions on the development direction of power battery technology in China. We should strengthen high-quality production capacity to reduce blind expansion, and product safety is the first factor.

The target of 300Wh/kg is expected to be achieved

Wang Fang said that in 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Medium and Long-term Development Plan for China's Automobile Industry, which proposed that the battery energy density should reach 300Wh/kg and the system specific energy should strive to reach 260Wh/kg by 2020, which is a product index and also the direction of efforts. She believes that the 300Wh/kg target can be achieved with great efforts. In the major special R&D project of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the single target of some products has reached this standard, but at present, the mainstream products on the market are still at the level of 130Wh/kg - 250Wh/kg. According to the exchange and understanding of enterprises, a small number of battery energy density will reach 280Wh/kg this year and can be directly used in vehicles, but there are still some problems to be solved, For example, safety, battery life, cost and other issues. As a loading product, there are still many difficulties to overcome in the realization of comprehensive indicators.

Wang Fang pointed out that in the three five-year plans from 2001 to 2015, lithium-ion power battery technology changed from hybrid and pure electric to pure electric, taking into account the hybrid route and battery materials. From 2001 to 2005, lithium cobaltate and lithium manganate power batteries were developed, from 2006 to 2008, lithium manganate and lithium iron phosphate batteries were developed, and from 2008 to 2010, energy-type power batteries were developed in parallel, After 2010, the development of ternary batteries will be the main task. The 300Wh/kg standard indicates that the focus of research and development in the future will still be lithium ternary batteries.

In the loading data of 2018, the energy density of the battery system has significantly improved compared with that of 2017. The energy density of pure electric passenger vehicles has increased from 107.6W/kg to 118.8W/kg, with an increase of 10.37%. The energy density of the battery system has been increasing from 2015 to 2018 due to the rapid improvement of the energy density of the single unit and the progress of group technology.

The industry needs to strengthen the improvement of high-quality production capacity

Worldwide, the industrialization of power batteries is mainly concentrated in three regions - Germany, the United States, China, Japan and South Korea in East Asia, while the production of lithium-ion power batteries is mainly concentrated in China, Japan and South Korea. From the perspective of technology and industry, Japan is still leading in technology, including research on solid-state batteries, but China has made great progress in technology in the past two years. China's market share has surpassed that of Japan and South Korea to occupy the first place, with the largest number of power batteries and the largest capacity. The main production areas include the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, the Beijing-Tianjin region, and the Central Plains region. In addition to the production of power batteries, the systems of key battery materials, system integration, equipment, and recycling are also growing.

According to the model data statistics of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China's power battery load in 2017 was 36.7 billion watt-hours, and there were more than 200 battery enterprises (including battery system integration enterprises). By 2020, the market demand was about 100 billion watt-hours. Wang Fang believed that at the current growth rate, the capacity of the battery pool must be surplus, but there may be insufficient batteries, because the high-quality capacity is still insufficient, Therefore, the work focus of capable large enterprises should not only be on expansion. Only by improving quality production capacity can they grab more market share.

Application comparison of ternary battery and lithium iron phosphate

In 2017, there were 224 models of pure electric passenger cars and 199 models equipped with three-element batteries, accounting for 88.8%, which was significantly higher than that of previous years, because passenger cars pursue high specific energy and long endurance. Commercial vehicles are affected by certain policies. Four items in the safety specifications of pure electric vehicles require thermal runaway test. It is difficult for the ternary battery with high specific energy to pass the test. Therefore, in 2017, lithium iron phosphate battery was basically used for passenger cars.

Wang Fang said that in the evaluation of the market model, the energy density of the ternary lithium battery monomer was found to be high, ranging from 136Wh/kg to 230Wh/kg, with an average of 183Wh/kg, and the system energy density was 115.4Wh/kg, with a group rate of only 63%, while the average energy density of the lithium iron phosphate monomer was 143.9Wh/kg, and the system energy density was 117Wh/kg, with a group rate of 81.5%. This contrast is due to the high safety of the lithium iron phosphate battery, which is related to the safety of the battery itself. Compared with the ternary lithium battery, the lithium iron phosphate battery requires less heat insulation, fire prevention, heat dissipation and heat resistance measures. The second reason is that the lithium iron phosphate battery is mostly used in pure electric buses, and the passenger car battery box is mostly standard box, which is simpler in design than the passenger car, with less additional factors.

Wang Fang mentioned that in terms of cooling methods, China Auto Center has compared the cooling methods of 96 models, and the conclusions based on the comparison data are not very accurate. Because only 3 of the 96 models tested use air cooling and 7 use liquid cooling. Through data comparison, it is found that the power battery using air cooling has the highest energy density, followed by natural cooling, and liquid cooling has the lowest energy density. She explained that this is actually because there are too few data on air cooling. For the same battery system, natural cooling should be the highest, followed by air cooling, followed by liquid cooling. Because compared with natural cooling, air cooling and liquid cooling require additional parts that increase the weight of the battery system, and require additional power consumption in use.

However, the safety of the whole vehicle has been improved to a certain extent. At present, enterprises will try to reduce the use of air cooling and liquid cooling in order to meet the target. In the future, the subsidies will be less and less, and the automobile enterprises will pay more attention to the integrated system. When the automobile products have potential safety hazards, the automobile enterprises will choose to recall, which will not only require a lot of financial resources, but also affect the credibility of the enterprise. Therefore, safety is the core and foundation of the automobile enterprises' research and development.

Finally, Wang Fang suggested that at the technical level:

1. Safety is the first factor. In the production design of products, safety should be the first factor, and the balance between performance and safety should be emphasized.

2. The integration level of power battery system should be further improved to match the development speed of electric vehicles.

At the industrial level:

1. Attention should be paid to the consistency of battery production and use.

2. We should further improve quality production capacity.

3. Attention should be paid to battery recycling and industrial coordinated development.

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