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Summary of Zinc Air Batteries

Zinc air battery is a type of primary battery that uses activated carbon to adsorb oxygen or pure oxygen from the air as the positive active material, zinc as the negative electrode, and ammonium chloride or caustic solution as the electrolyte. Also known as zinc oxide battery. Zinc air batteries, divided into neutral and alkaline systems, are represented by the letters A and P, followed by a number to indicate the battery model.

Structure and principle of zinc air battery

Edit the paste like zinc powder at the anode end and the catalytic carbon at the cathode. The holes on the battery shell allow oxygen from the air to enter the cavity and attach to the carbon on the cathode. At the same time, the zinc on the anode is oxidized, which is similar to the chemical reaction in small silver oxygen or mercury oxygen batteries.

Cathode - is a catalytic carbon that absorbs oxygen from the air.

Anode - a mixture of zinc powder and electrolyte, forming a paste.

Electrolyte - A high concentration aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide.

Isolation layer - used to isolate the movement of solid powder particles between two stages.

Insulation and sealing gasket - nylon material.

The outer surface of the battery - a nickel metal shell with good corrosion resistance as a conductor

Advantages and disadvantages of zinc air batteries_ Which is better, zinc air battery or lithium battery

working principle:

Cathode: Zn+2OH=ZnO+H2O+2e Anode: O2+2H2O+4e=4OH

Comprehensive: 2Zn+O2=2ZnO

Usually, the voltage generated by this reaction is 1.4 volts, but the discharge current and depth can cause voltage changes. Air must be able to enter the anode continuously, and there must be small holes in the positive electrode shell to allow oxygen to continuously enter in order for the battery to produce chemical reactions.

Zinc air battery usage

The key to preserving zinc air batteries lies in the sealing strip. Unless the battery is ready for immediate use, the cathode sealing strip of the battery cannot be removed. Simulation experiments have shown that under room temperature conditions, the electricity level drops to 95% after one year of storage, 90% after two years of storage, and 85% after four years of storage. After tearing off the seal, the battery is activated and starts working. In a room temperature environment without load connection, according to different battery size specifications, the battery power decreases by 50% after 3 to 12 weeks, and drops to 0-10% after more than 20 weeks. Therefore, zinc air batteries are suitable for situations where the battery is depleted within a few weeks. If the seal of the zinc air battery is removed, air enters the interior to activate the electrochemical reaction, and even if the seal is applied again, the electrochemical reaction will continue until the battery is discharged.

Advantages and disadvantages of zinc air batteries_ Which is better, zinc air battery or lithium battery

Advantages of zinc air batteries

Compared with other traditional batteries, zinc air batteries have the following advantages:

1. Large battery capacity

If the air electrode works normally, the theoretical capacity of a zinc air battery is determined by the amount of negative active material. The negative electrode (zinc electrode) is located inside the battery, and the positive electrode (air electrode) is adjacent to the inside of the battery casing. Moreover, the active material of the positive electrode is oxygen from the air, so the air electrode occupies very little space in the battery. Therefore, at the same volume and weight, zinc air batteries can be filled with more negative reactants, which is compared to traditional batteries, It has higher capacity (the manufacturing cost of zinc air batteries is generally the same as that of alkaline zinc manganese batteries of the same model, but the capacity is more than 2.5 times that of alkaline zinc manganese batteries of the same model, and 5-7 times that of ordinary dry batteries).

2. High specific energy

The theoretical mass specific energy of zinc air batteries is 1320Wkg-1, and the actual specific energy has reached 220-300Wkg-1.

3. The discharge curve is stable.

When discharging, the positive electrode only undergoes oxygen reduction while the air electrode itself remains unchanged, while the negative electrode is lost due to the oxidation of zinc. The voltage of the zinc electrode is stable, so the battery voltage changes little during discharge, and a longer discharge plateau appears at around 1.3V.

4. Less self-discharge, good storage life

During storage, the air inlet of the battery is sealed, and the air electrode is isolated from the outside. As long as air is blocked from entering the zinc air battery, the electrochemical reaction of the zinc air battery cannot proceed, resulting in small battery capacity loss and an annual capacity loss of less than 2%.

5. Low production costs and low prices

The positive electrode active substance is the oxygen in the air, which does not need to be purchased and is inexhaustible. The negative electrode active substance zinc has abundant sources and is cheap.

6. Environmental protection and pollution-free

Zinc air batteries have abandoned toxic substances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium in traditional batteries, solving the pollution problem of traditional batteries. Moreover, the main reaction product of the battery after use is zinc oxide, which can be easily recycled.

Advantages and disadvantages of zinc air batteries_ Which is better, zinc air battery or lithium battery

Problems (drawbacks) that need to be addressed for zinc air batteries

Although zinc air batteries have many advantages, their development is constrained by their following shortcomings.

1 Battery type

So far, there are mainly two types of commercialized zinc air batteries: square type and button type. However, cylindrical, especially small cylindrical zinc air batteries with huge market demand have not achieved breakthrough development domestically and internationally due to their complex structure, and have not yet been mass-produced.

2. Battery sealing issues

One of the main reasons why cylindrical zinc air batteries have not been widely developed has been the difficulty of battery sealing. When discharging a zinc air battery, a continuous supply of oxygen from the air is required to enter the battery, so the battery is not completely sealed. The battery casing has one or more air holes, so the inside of the battery is connected to the outside. If the air electrode, especially the waterproof and breathable film, is not well made, the battery is prone to alkali leakage, electrolyte evaporation and drying, or electrolyte thinning due to moisture absorption. External CO2 will also enter the battery and cause electrolyte carbonation. This will seriously affect the performance and quality of zinc air batteries.

The catalyst in the air electrode needs improvement

Some problems with zinc electrodes

The zinc electrode corrodes and self-discharge. Zinc electrode is thermodynamically unstable in alkaline solution, and hydrogen is released from zinc dissolution by self-discharge. In addition, due to the impurities contained in zinc electrodes and the uneven surface of zinc electrodes, the electrochemical activity of each point varies greatly. Countless micro batteries are formed in each area due to different potentials, causing zinc to corrode in the battery.

Advantages and disadvantages of zinc air batteries_ Which is better, zinc air battery or lithium battery

Which is better, zinc air battery or lithium battery

The invention of zinc air batteries has a history of over 100 years, and was first applied to power sources such as railway signal lights. Compared with traditional batteries, the biggest feature of zinc air batteries is their green and environmentally friendly nature. Due to the fact that during the operation of the battery, the zinc on the negative electrode only contacts with OH - in the electrolyte and oxygen in the air, resulting in a chemical reaction. Therefore, no substances that pollute the atmosphere will be generated during the entire discharge process.

In addition, zinc air batteries are also known for their energy density, with a power generation capacity of 0.3KWH per kilogram, which is twice that of lithium batteries. That is to say, although the weight is only half that of a lithium battery, the range of a zinc air battery is more than twice that of a lithium battery, and an increase in battery storage will not make the zinc air battery more explosive. Due to the use of only oxygen in the air and relatively inexpensive zinc, the cost of zinc air batteries has also decreased, and it is reported that the selling price after production is only one-third of that of lithium batteries.

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