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Lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. The positive electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries mainly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate, etc.

The positive electrode of lithium-ion batteries is made of lithium iron phosphate material, which has significant advantages in safety performance and cycle life, which are also one of the most important technical indicators of power batteries. The 1C charging and discharging cycle life can reach 2000 times, and puncture does not explode. It is not easy to burn and explode during overcharging. Lithium iron phosphate cathode material makes it easier to use in series for large capacity lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. The positive electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries mainly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate, etc.

Lithium cobalt oxide is currently the cathode material used in the vast majority of lithium-ion batteries. From the perspective of material principle, lithium iron phosphate is also a process of embedding and de embedding, which is completely the same as lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide.

1 Introduction

Lithium iron phosphate battery is a lithium ion secondary battery. One of its main uses is power battery, which has great advantages over NI-MH and Ni Cd batteries.

The charging and discharging efficiency of lithium iron phosphate battery is high. The charging and discharging efficiency can reach more than 90% under the condition of multiple rate discharge, while that of lead-acid battery is about 80%.

shortcoming

Whether a material has potential for application and development depends not only on its advantages, but also on whether it has fundamental defects.

Currently, lithium iron phosphate is widely chosen as the positive electrode material for power lithium-ion batteries in China. Market analysts from governments, research institutions, enterprises, and even securities companies are optimistic about this material and consider it as the development direction for power lithium-ion batteries.

The main reasons for this are as follows: firstly, influenced by the research and development direction in the United States, Valence and A123 companies in the United States were the first to use lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Secondly, there has been no domestic production of lithium manganese oxide materials with good high-temperature cycling and storage performance for power lithium-ion batteries. However, lithium iron phosphate also has fundamental defects that cannot be ignored, which can be summarized as follows:

During the sintering process of preparing lithium iron phosphate, there is a possibility of iron oxide being reduced to elemental iron under a high-temperature reducing atmosphere. Simple iron can cause micro short circuits in batteries and is the most taboo substance in batteries. This is also the main reason why Japan has not used this material as the positive electrode material for power lithium-ion batteries;

2. Lithium iron phosphate has some performance defects, such as low compaction density and compaction density, resulting in low energy density of lithium-ion batteries. The low temperature performance is poor, and even if it is nano sized and carbon coated, it does not solve this problem.

When Dr. Don Hillebrand, director of the Energy Storage System Center of Argonne National Laboratory, talked about the low temperature performance of lithium iron phosphate battery, he used "terrible" to describe that their test results of lithium iron phosphate battery showed that lithium iron phosphate battery could not drive electric vehicles at low temperatures (below 0 ℃). Although some manufacturers claim that the capacity retention rate of lithium iron phosphate battery is good at low temperature, that is under the condition of low discharge current and low discharge cutoff voltage. In this situation, the device simply cannot start working.

3. The preparation cost of materials is relatively high compared to the manufacturing cost of batteries, resulting in low battery yield and poor consistency. Although the nanomaterialization and carbon coating of lithium iron phosphate have improved the electrochemical performance of the material, they have also brought other problems, such as reduced energy density, increased synthesis costs, poor electrode processing performance, and strict environmental requirements. Although the chemical elements Li, Fe, and P in lithium iron phosphate are abundant and the cost is relatively low, the cost of preparing lithium iron phosphate products is not low. Even if the initial research and development costs are removed, the process cost of the material, combined with the higher cost of preparing batteries, will result in a higher cost per unit of energy storage.

4. Poor product consistency. At present, there is no domestic lithium iron phosphate material factory that can solve this problem. From the perspective of material preparation, the synthesis reaction of lithium iron phosphate is a complex multiphase reaction, consisting of solid phosphate, iron oxide, and lithium salt, carbon precursor, and reducing gas phase. It is difficult to ensure the consistency of the reaction in this complex reaction process.

5. Intellectual property issues. The earliest patent application for lithium iron phosphate was obtained by FXMITTERMAIER&SOEHNEOHG (DE) on June 25, 1993, and the application results were announced on August 19 of the same year. The basic patent for lithium iron phosphate is owned by the University of Texas in the United States, while the carbon coating patent is applied for by Canadians. These two fundamental patents cannot be bypassed, and if patent usage fees are included in the cost, the product cost will further increase.

In addition, based on its experience in research and production of lithium-ion batteries, Japan was the earliest country to commercialize lithium-ion batteries and has always occupied the high-end lithium-ion battery market. Although the United States is leading in some basic research, there is currently no large lithium-ion battery manufacturer in the country. Therefore, Japan's choice of lithium manganate as the positive electrode material for power lithium-ion batteries is more reasonable. Even in the United States, half of the manufacturers use lithium iron phosphate and lithium manganese oxide as positive electrode materials for power lithium-ion batteries, and the federal government also supports the research and development of both systems.

Given the aforementioned issues with lithium iron phosphate, it is difficult to obtain widespread application as a positive electrode material for power type lithium-ion batteries in fields such as new energy vehicles. If the problem of poor high-temperature cycling and storage performance of lithium manganese oxide can be solved, with its advantages of low cost and high rate performance, its application in power lithium-ion batteries will have enormous potential.

6. Operating principle and characteristics The full name of lithium iron phosphate battery is lithium iron phosphate battery, which is too long. It is called lithium iron phosphate battery for short. Due to its particularly suitable performance for power applications, the word "power", namely lithium iron phosphate power battery, has been added to the name. Some people also refer to it as a "lithium iron (LiFe) power battery".

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