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Lithium ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that can undergo secondary charging during use. The critical working principle is the repeated movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. Regardless of the shape of the battery, its critical components are the electrolyte, positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator. At present, the processing locations of lithium-ion batteries internationally are mainly concentrated in China, Japan, and South Korea, with the key lithium-ion usage markets being mobile phones and computers. With the continuous development of lithium-ion batteries, the scope of use is gradually expanding, and their use of positive electrode materials has shifted from single to diversified directions, including olivine type lithium ferrous phosphate, layered lithium cobalt oxide, spinel type lithium manganese oxide, etc., achieving the coexistence of multiple materials.

From the perspective of technological development, it can be seen that more new types of positive electrode materials will emerge in future development. For the positive electrode materials of power lithium-ion batteries, they have strict requirements in terms of cost, safety performance, cycling ability, and energy density. In the field of materials used, due to the high cost and low safety of lithium cobalt oxide, it is usually suitable for general consumer batteries in detailed use and difficult to meet the relevant requirements of power lithium-ion batteries. The other materials listed above have been fully utilized in current power lithium-ion batteries. In lithium-ion battery materials, the negative electrode material is a crucial component that can have a significant impact on the overall performance of the battery. At present, negative electrode materials are divided into two categories: one is commercially available carbon materials, such as natural graphite and soft carbon, and the other is non carbon negative electrode materials that are currently in research and development, but have a promising future direction, such as silicon-based materials, alloy materials, tin gold materials, and so on.

1. Carbon negative electrode material: This type of material is a balanced negative electrode material in terms of energy density, cycling ability, and cost input. It is also a crucial material for promoting the birth of lithium-ion batteries. Carbon materials can be divided into two categories, namely graphitized carbon materials and hard carbon. Among them, the former mainly includes artificial graphite and natural graphite. The formation process of artificial graphite is obtained by graphitizing soft carbon materials at temperatures above 2500 ℃. MCMb is a commonly used type of artificial graphite, with a spherical structure and a smooth surface texture, with a diameter of approximately 5-40 μ m。 Due to the influence of its surface smoothness, the probability of reactions occurring between the electrode surface and the electrolyte is reduced, thereby reducing the irreversible capacity. At the same time, the spherical structure can facilitate the insertion and detachment of lithium ions in any direction, which has a significant promoting effect on ensuring structural stability. Natural graphite also has many advantages, such as high crystallinity, multiple embeddable positions, and low price, making it an ideal material for lithium-ion batteries. But it also has certain drawbacks, such as poor compatibility when reacting with the electrolyte, and many surface defects when crushing, which will have a significant adverse impact on its charging or discharging performance.

In addition, the formation process of hard carbon is as follows: at 2500 ℃, it is difficult to perform graphitization of carbon materials, and the key is the pyrolysis carbon of polymer compounds. Through high-power microscopy, it can be seen that it is composed of many nanospheres stacked together, presenting a flower cluster shape as a whole, as shown in Figure 1. The amorphous region with a large number of nanopores on its surface far exceeds the standard capacity of graphite in terms of capacity, which has a significant adverse impact on the cycling ability.

Scanning electron microscopy under a high-power microscope

2. Silicon negative electrode material: Due to its abundant storage capacity and relatively low price, it is ideal to use it as a new negative electrode material in lithium-ion batteries. However, due to the fact that silicon belongs to semiconductors, its conductivity is poor, and during the embedding process, its volume will expand several times, with a maximum expansion degree of 370%. This will lead to the pulverization and detachment of active silicon, making it difficult to have sufficient contact with electrons, thereby rapidly reducing its capacity. To achieve good use of silicon in lithium-ion battery materials, effectively controlling its volume during charging or discharging, and greatly ensuring its capacity and cycling ability, the following methods can be used: firstly, using nanoscale silicon. Secondly, combine silicon with non active matrices, active matrices, and adhesives. Thirdly, utilizing silicon thin films, they have been considered the most suitable commercial negative electrode material for the next generation.

3. Positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium cobalate, as a cathode material, was used for the earliest time and is still the mainstream cathode material in consumer electronics until now. Compared with other positive electrode materials, lithium cobalt oxide has a higher voltage during operation, and the voltage runs smoothly during charging or discharging, meeting the requirements of high current. It has strong cycling performance, high conductivity efficiency, and stable materials and battery processes. However, it also has many drawbacks, such as resource scarcity, high prices, toxicity of cobalt, certain risks when used, and adverse effects on the environment. Especially, its safety cannot be effectively guaranteed, which will become a critical factor restricting its widespread development. In the research conducted on it, metal cations such as Al3+, Mg2+, and Ni2+are the most widely doped. With the continuous advancement of scientific research, metal cation doping forms such as Al3+and Mg2+have begun to be used. In the preparation of lithium cobalt oxide, there are two crucial methods, namely solid-phase synthesis and liquid-phase synthesis. The high-temperature solid-state synthesis method is commonly used in industry, which relies on the fusion of lithium salts, such as Li2CO3 or LiOH, with cobalt salts, such as CoCO3, in a 1:1 ratio, and is formed by calcination at high temperatures ranging from 600 ℃ to 900 ℃. At present, the use of lithium cobalt oxide materials is crucial in the secondary battery market and has become the best choice for small high-density lithium-ion battery materials.

The ternary positive electrode material has a significant ternary synergistic effect. Compared with lithium cobalt oxide, it has significant advantages in thermal stability and relatively low processing costs, making it the best substitute material for lithium cobalt oxide. However, its density is low and its cycling performance needs to be improved. In this regard, adjustments can be made by improving the synthesis process and ion doping. Ternary materials are urgently used in cylindrical lithium-ion batteries such as steel and aluminum shells, but their use in soft pack batteries is greatly limited due to expansion factors. In future use, its development direction is crucial in two aspects: firstly, towards high manganese content, and in the development of small portable devices such as Bluetooth and mobile phones. Secondly, towards high nickel content, it is crucial to use it in areas with high energy density requirements such as electric bicycles and electric vehicles.

Lithium ferrous phosphate has good cycling performance and thermal stability in charging and discharging, and has strong safety guarantee during use. It is green and environmentally friendly, and will not cause serious damage to the environment. At the same time, its price is relatively low, and it is considered the best material for large-scale battery module processing by China's battery industry. The current critical usage categories include electric vehicles, portable mobile charging power supplies, etc., and will further develop towards energy storage power supplies and portable power supplies in the future.

Lithium manganese oxide has strong safety and overcharging resistance in use. Due to the abundant manganese resources in China, its price is relatively low, it has less environmental pollution, is non-toxic and harmless, and the industrial preparation operation is relatively simple. However, during the charging or discharging process, due to the unstable spinel structure, it is prone to the Jahn Teller effect. In addition, the dissolution of manganese at high temperatures can easily reduce the battery capacity, thus its use is also greatly limited. At present, the use range of lithium manganese oxide is crucial for small batteries, such as mobile phones and digital products. In terms of power lithium-ion batteries, they can replace lithium iron phosphate, resulting in strong competition. Its development direction will be towards high energy, high density, and low cost.

Lithium ion battery products are showing a vigorous development trend. With the development of science and technology, products such as smartphones and computers are widely used, which will increase the demand for lithium ion batteries and bring significant development opportunities. At the same time, in vehicle lithium-ion batteries and energy storage power sources have gradually developed, providing new growth points for lithium-ion batteries. From this, it can be seen that in the future development, research efforts in this area will be strengthened to expand the use of lithium-ion batteries, which will also drive their battery materials to constantly be updated and replaced.

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