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Energy storage includes four types of physical energy storage (pumped storage, compressed air storage, flywheel storage, seawater storage, superconducting storage), chemical energy storage (hydrogen storage, carbon storage), electrochemical energy storage (battery storage, supercapacitor storage), and thermal and cold storage. Among all kinds of energy storage, battery energy storage is the fastest growing and most concerned energy storage. As of the end of 2017, a total of 1210.3MW of global battery energy storage projects had been put into operation, marking the first time the cumulative scale has entered the GW era.

1、 Application scenarios of energy storage batteries

(1) Renewable energy grid connection

The gap and variability of renewable energy generation, as well as the continuous increase in penetration rate, pose serious challenges to the normal operation and scheduling of existing power grid systems. In recent years, in order to use more renewable energy and improve the reliability and efficiency of power grid operation, various energy storage research and engineering demonstration projects have developed rapidly. The application of high-capacity battery energy storage technology in wind power and photovoltaic power generation can smooth the fluctuation of power output, reduce its impact on the power system, improve the ability of tracking the planned output of power stations, and supply backup energy for the construction and operation of renewable energy power stations.

(2) Grid auxiliary services

Power grid auxiliary services are divided into capacity based and power based services. Capacity based services, such as power grid peak shaving, load following, and black start, require a certain amount of energy storage capacity, usually between 1 to 500 MW, and a discharge time greater than 1 hour; Power based services such as frequency modulation assistance and voltage support require the battery to have a high power or voltage output in a short period of time (minute level). Energy storage battery technology can reduce the loss of traditional frequency modulation power sources caused by frequent switching in improving the frequency modulation capability of the power grid; In terms of improving the peak shaving capacity of the power grid, the energy storage system can respond to scheduling instructions in a timely and reliable manner based on changes in power supply and load, and change its output level according to the instructions.

(3) Power grid transmission and distribution

Energy storage battery systems can improve distribution quality and reliability. When there is a fault in the distribution network, it can be used as a backup power source to continuously supply power to users; In terms of improving power quality, as a controllable power source for the system, it manages the power quality of the distribution network, eliminates voltage sags, harmonics, and other issues, while reducing the investment in backbone network expansion and saving expansion funds.

(4) Distributed and microgrid

The microgrid system requires energy storage devices to be equipped, and the energy storage devices should be able to achieve the following: 1) provide short-term uninterrupted power supply when off grid and distributed power sources are unable to supply power; 2) Capable of meeting the peak shaving needs of microgrids; 3) Can improve the power quality of microgrids; 4) Able to complete microgrid system black start; 5) Balancing the output of intermittent and fluctuating power sources, effectively controlling electrical and thermal loads. The energy storage battery system has the characteristic of dynamically absorbing energy and releasing it in a timely manner. As a necessary energy buffer link for microgrids, it can improve power quality, stabilize grid operation, optimize system configuration, and ensure safe and stable operation of microgrids.

(5) User side

The importance of user side energy storage includes industrial and commercial peak shaving and demand side response. The combination of batteries and power electronics technology can provide users with reliable power supply and improve power quality; And utilize the price difference between peak and valley electricity prices to save expenses for users.

(6) The Energy Supply System of Electric Vehicle VEG Mode

The development of the new energy vehicle industry must be coordinated with the energy storage industry. In order to meet the demand for safe and fast charging of future electric vehicles, it is necessary to establish a distributed energy station similar to a gas station. The energy station is equipped with low-cost and long-life megawatt level energy storage batteries, which can be charged from the power grid to store electricity and quickly charge electric vehicles; At the same time, the energy station can also interact with the power grid for peak shaving or frequency regulation of electricity.

2、 Types of energy storage batteries

The complexity of energy storage application scenarios determines the diversified development direction of energy storage battery technology. Choosing appropriate energy storage battery technologies for specific scenarios will be the main theme of the energy storage market for a long time in the future. The research and development direction of new energy storage battery technologies in the future should also follow this law, amplifying their advantages for specific scenarios to obtain the possibility of future commercial applications.

There are many characteristic parameters that characterize the performance of energy storage batteries, among which the most important are the power and capacity characteristics of the battery. Therefore, energy storage batteries can be roughly divided into three types based on different requirements for battery power capacity ratio (W: Wh, abbreviated as C) in different energy storage application scenarios: capacity type (0.5C), energy type (≈ 1C), and power type (2C). The larger the ratio, the higher the power density of the battery, but the lower the capacity density and the higher the price per unit capacity.

For example, peak shaving, off grid photovoltaic energy storage, or peak valley price difference energy storage on the user side generally require the energy storage battery to continuously charge or discharge for more than two hours, making it suitable for the application of capacity based batteries; For energy storage scenarios involving power frequency regulation or smoothing renewable energy fluctuations, energy storage batteries need to be quickly charged and discharged in seconds to minutes, making them more suitable for the application of power type batteries; In some application scenarios that require both frequency modulation and peak shaving, energy based batteries are more suitable. Of course, in such scenarios, power based and capacity based batteries can also be used together.

Among various types of energy storage batteries currently, liquid flow batteries and lithium slurry batteries are typical capacity type batteries, while lithium-ion batteries such as lithium titanate are a typical type of power type batteries, which are determined by the essential properties of the aforementioned batteries and are difficult to change. Other types of batteries can undergo some degree of attribute adjustment by changing the battery material and process to adapt to different energy storage application scenarios.

3、 The Technical Connotation of Energy Storage Batteries

In the future, there is still room for technological breakthroughs in high-capacity batteries for peak shaving energy storage and high-power batteries for frequency modulation energy storage. The content of energy storage battery technology mainly includes six aspects: material technology, structural technology, manufacturing technology, application technology, repair technology, and recycling technology.

(1) Material Technology

The core materials of the battery include positive electrode materials, negative electrode materials, and electrolyte materials, while the auxiliary materials also include separator, current collector, and battery shell materials. In the past thirty years, the research and development of lithium-ion battery materials has mainly focused on improving the energy density, cycle life, and safety performance of materials, and developing low-cost material preparation technologies; The research and development of liquid flow battery materials is mainly focused on the modification of electrolytes and separator materials. In 2006, the field of lead-acid batteries began the selection and modification of carbon material additives in negative electrode lead paste to develop long-life lead-carbon batteries for energy storage.

Throughout the research history of energy storage battery technology, although material progress can bring significant improvements in battery performance, the process of material innovation that can have practical effects is actually very slow. Especially the material properties reported in laboratory papers are not equivalent to the performance of actual batteries, and there is often a considerable gap between the two. Therefore, although battery materials are crucial, they are not the entire focus of battery technology research. At present, the approval of technical engineering projects in the field of energy storage places too much emphasis on the research work of laboratory materials papers, neglecting the integration with practical application scenarios, resulting in a significant disconnect between scientific research work and industrial development needs, which should be given sufficient attention.

(2) Structural Technology

Not all batteries can be called energy storage batteries, and those with a system power of over 1KW can be called energy storage batteries; The system power is 1MW, and the batteries used for energy storage power stations are called electric energy storage batteries.

The structural technology of energy storage batteries includes the internal structure technology of battery cells and the external system structure technology. Different from batteries for small consumer electronics, energy storage batteries are more complex in structure, with the requirements of series and parallel systems and the characteristics of high power and large capacity.

The existing energy storage and power lithium-ion batteries are developed from micro lithium-ion batteries such as mobile phone batteries. Whether cylindrical or square, all types of lithium-ion batteries use adhesive thin film electrode structures internally, which poses fundamental structural challenges to the design of performance consistency for energy storage lithium-ion batteries. In addition, when the battery is scrapped and recycled, all the bonded electrodes can only be crushed, and the internal broken aluminum foil, copper foil materials, as well as Co and Li elements need to be recycled through metallurgical methods, resulting in high recycling costs and the risk of acid alkali waste liquid pollution treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to draw inspiration from the structural design of large-scale batteries such as lead-acid batteries and liquid flow batteries for energy storage, transforming from petite and wealthy ones that are prone to problems to safe and reliable ones that are foolish and bulky, thus suitable for high current and high power energy storage application scenarios.

The future research and development of large-scale energy storage batteries will also consider the integration design of the internal and external structures of the battery. Regarding power energy storage, application end customers are concerned about system cost, system efficiency, system life, and system safety, rather than the energy density or cycle life of individual batteries. Therefore, as the research and development end of battery technology, it is necessary to actively consider the innovative integration of the internal and external structures of the individual system, and reduce the cost and safety pressure faced by the external system through the subversive design of the internal structure. This will be an important direction for future research on energy storage battery structure technology.

(3) Manufacturing Technology

The manufacturing technology of energy storage batteries is closely related to the design of battery structures. The series parallel connection characteristics of energy storage battery systems require batteries to have good consistency, so intelligent control of production processes is particularly important. How to manufacture high-performance energy storage batteries with low-cost equipment and processes? This is a contradictory issue and a key issue in the current development of energy storage battery manufacturing technology.

The existing production process of lithium-ion batteries has transitioned from the past tape manufacturing process to meet the accuracy requirements of battery thin film coated electrode plates. In addition, the variety of battery product models and lack of standardization have led to low material utilization, low product qualification rate, low equipment operation rate, and high manufacturing costs in the battery production process. Therefore, in the future, we need to combine the disruptive design of battery structures to fundamentally reduce the complexity of energy storage battery production processes and the parameter requirements of production equipment. At the same time, we will promote the integration and development of big data, Internet of Things technology, and energy storage battery production equipment and manufacturing processes. Through intelligent manufacturing upgrades, standardized manufacturing process standards, strict control of product quality, improve product final inspection efficiency, and reduce the manufacturing cost of energy storage batteries.

(4) Applied Technology

The application technology of energy storage batteries mainly refers to BMS, PCS, and EMS. BMS (Battery Management System) is the link between the battery body and the application end, and an important object is the secondary battery. The purpose is to improve the utilization rate of the battery and prevent overcharging and excessive discharge of the battery. PCS (Battery Energy Storage System Energy Control Device) is a system that is paired with an energy storage battery pack and connected between the battery pack and the power grid to store or feed back the energy of the battery pack to the power grid. EMS (Energy Management System) is the general term for modern power grid dispatch automation systems, including computers, operating systems and EMS support systems, data acquisition and monitoring, automatic power generation control and planning, and network application analysis.

At present, many energy storage demonstration projects are directly connected between battery production suppliers and power grid companies, and there is a lack of responsibility identification standards and application technology standards, which poses difficulties for later system operation and maintenance and potential accident identification. In the future, there should be independent energy storage battery system application service providers with application technology development as the core, responsible for the design, planning, leasing, operation, and recycling of energy storage systems. They should also cooperate with insurance companies and promise to be responsible for the service life and operational safety of the system.

(5) Repair technology

The repair technology of energy storage batteries includes electrical maintenance technology of battery systems and online regeneration technology. The former includes environmental corrosion repair, electrical insulation aging testing, electrical connection testing, temperature and pressure sensing maintenance, and battery inspection technology. The latter is a new technological direction proposed for new energy storage lithium-ion batteries. In theory, in addition to the problem of lattice disorder inside the active particles of the battery and the corrosion and detachment of the collector fluid, other interface problems of energy storage lithium-ion batteries may be maintained and extended through online regeneration. After using the battery for a period of time, the battery performance can be reactivated through in-situ repair of SEI films on the surface of positive and negative electrode materials, as well as electrolyte replenishment and replacement, to extend the actual calendar service life of energy storage lithium-ion batteries. For example, the thick electrode morphology of lithium slurry batteries endows them with the possibility of online regeneration during their lifespan.

(6) Recycling technology

Any battery has a lifespan. At present, the total number of consumer small batteries used in China is several hundred million, and most of them are small in size, with low utilization value of waste batteries. In addition, their use is scattered, and the vast majority are treated as household waste, posing pollution risks. Scrapped energy storage batteries cannot be discarded in the environment like small consumer batteries, and must be recycled and recycled.

The recycling technology of energy storage batteries includes the replacement and treatment technology of waste batteries, safe transportation technology, recycling and treatment technology, and resource reuse technology. At present, the recycling and regeneration technology of lead-acid batteries is relatively mature, but there is a pollution risk of non-standard recycling processes. The recycling process and technology of lithium-ion batteries are not yet mature, and it is necessary to combine them with material technology and structural technology to develop new energy storage battery technologies that are convenient for recycling and regeneration. Innovative improvements should be made in product design, and the process of battery recycling and treatment should be considered in advance from the production side to achieve the sustainable development of resources in the energy storage lithium-ion battery industry. This has important strategic significance.

4、 Development goals of energy storage battery technology

The spring of energy storage has come, but the summer of vigorous industrial development is far from coming. All kinds of energy storage have carried out commercial or demonstration applications, showing the advantages of energy storage in applications, but also gradually exposing some problems. In particular, the battery energy storage has a long way to go from the development goal of low cost, long life, high safety, and easy recycling, and needs innovation and breakthrough.

(1) Low cost

The narrowly defined cost of energy storage batteries only includes primary (procurement) costs, while the broadly defined cost of energy storage batteries also includes secondary (usage) costs and tertiary (recovery) costs.

Among them, the primary cost includes the material cost of the battery and the production and manufacturing cost. In the limited space for material cost reduction, the disruptive design of battery structure technology, simplification of battery production process, and reduction of manufacturing and labor costs will be an important cost reduction direction for new energy storage batteries.

The secondary cost is closely related to the battery life. We need to combine material technology and structural technology to develop new repair and regeneration technologies, improve battery service life, reduce the cost of kilowatt hours of capacity batteries and the frequency cost of power batteries.

The third cost refers to the recycling cost of the battery. At present, if the recycling and regeneration process of energy storage batteries is to fully meet the requirements of environmental standards, the cost is still very high. Innovative recycling and regeneration ideas are needed to reduce the third cost of batteries.

The cost reduction of energy storage battery technology can be divided into the following four target stages. Current goal: To develop non peak shaving energy storage battery technology and market, such as frequency modulation energy storage batteries and mobile energy storage batteries; Short term (5-10 years) goal: the cost of electricity per kilowatt hour below the peak valley electricity price difference; Medium term (10-20 years) goal: lower than the cost of thermal power peak shaving and scheduling; Long term (20-30 years) goal: lower than the cost of wind and solar power generation in the same period.

Battery energy storage assisted AGC frequency modulation will develop before peak shaving energy storage. In the future, only when the application cost of energy storage batteries is lower than the peak shaving cost of thermal power, can the energy storage battery system be developed on a large scale as an important supplement and included in the peak shaving scheduling system of the power grid.

(2) Long lifespan

Generally speaking, for consumer small batteries (such as mobile phone batteries), a lifespan of 3 to 5 years is sufficient to meet the lifespan requirements of electronic products. However, it is currently hoped that the standby time of the battery after a single charge can be longer, so there is a higher direct demand for the energy density of the battery. However, regarding electric energy storage batteries, they generally require a calendar service life of ten to twenty years or more. Therefore, improving the calendar service life of energy storage batteries is particularly important.

The battery cycle life is the basis of the calendar service life, but it is not equivalent to the actual calendar service life of the battery. From a thermodynamic perspective, the battery system is a highly non-equilibrium chemical system, and over the long cycle of use, there are also irreversible chemical changes in the bulk and interface, leading to an increase in internal resistance and a decrease in capacity of the battery. At present, there is a lack of appropriate accelerated aging experimental standards that can correspond to the actual calendar attenuation changes of batteries. In the future, in addition to establishing relevant testing standards, innovative online repair and regeneration technologies will also be developed to enhance the calendar service life of energy storage batteries and meet the requirements of actual energy storage conditions.

(3) High safety

The safety of energy storage batteries is very important. Relatively speaking, water system batteries such as liquid flow batteries and lead-acid batteries have good safety, which can meet the safety requirements of energy storage power stations. However, the cutoff voltage of battery charging should be strictly controlled to prevent hydrogen evolution explosion after overvoltage electrolysis of aqueous solution; The safety issues of organic lithium-ion batteries are relatively prominent, and currently they are at a safe and qualified level both online and offline, requiring technological breakthroughs; Solid state batteries do not contain flammable electrolytes, therefore they have the highest safety and may be first applied to certain special scenarios with high safety requirements after mass production in the future. Of course, there are still considerable difficulties to overcome in reducing costs and increasing lifespan for solid-state batteries to be applied in large-scale power storage. In addition, the recycling and treatment of solid-state batteries is also a major challenge.

The safety prevention technology to prevent battery (internal or external) short circuits and emergency maintenance technology after battery short circuits occur are important directions for the development of energy storage battery safety technology. It is far from enough to solely protect the safety of energy storage lithium-ion batteries through external fire extinguishing devices. In the future, disruptive battery structure technology and safety maintenance technology must be developed to completely solve the safety issues of batteries from the inside, ensuring the safe transportation of energy storage batteries and the safe operation of energy storage power stations.

(4) Easy to recycle

The recycling and utilization of resources will be the biggest challenge for the future large-scale application of energy storage batteries. There are three basic requirements for energy storage batteries to achieve the goal of easy recycling: 1. The battery recycling process meets safety and environmental standards; 2. Achieve nearly 100% recycling of rare and precious metal elements; 3. The battery has a certain recycling residual value.

The current demonstration application of energy storage lithium-ion battery systems has basically not taken into account the recycling and treatment process after battery scrapping in the future. More seriously, there is a widespread misconception in the battery industry that scrapped lithium-ion batteries are rich in various valuable precious metals, so there is no need to worry about recycling and disposal at all.

The actual situation learned by the author of this article is that there is a serious conflict and contradiction between the value of scrapped batteries and environmental protection. The material system selection and battery structure design of existing energy storage lithium-ion batteries make it very difficult for valuable recycling and treatment work that fully meets environmental requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct detailed pollution analysis and environmental assessment of the entire energy storage battery industry chain, guide the environmental development direction of energy storage battery technology innovation, and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the industry.

5、 Conclusion

Renewable energy+energy storage is an inevitable choice for the development of new energy, and the complexity of energy storage application scenarios determines the diversified development direction of energy storage battery technology. In the future, there is still room for technological breakthroughs in high-capacity batteries for peak shaving energy storage and high-power batteries for frequency modulation energy storage. Energy storage batteries include six major technological connotations: material technology, structural technology, manufacturing technology, application technology, repair technology, and recycling technology. Among them, battery materials are the foundation, but not the entire research on energy storage battery technology. It is recommended that in the future, basic exploration projects can focus on the research of new materials, while technical engineering projects should pay attention to breakthroughs in other non material technologies. Based on the relevant experience of existing commercial and demonstration energy storage stations, and with the overall goal of low cost, long life, high safety, and easy recycling, various types of capacity peak valley energy storage batteries, power frequency modulation energy storage batteries, and energy type composite energy storage batteries should be developed, Cooperate with other types of energy storage to support the rapid development of energy storage industry.

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