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A start-up company, Primus Power, has received $11 million in venture capital to help it manufacture its first full size model of a new low-cost flow battery. The $18 million that this company received earlier came from various government subsidies. The purpose of this type of battery is to assist in stabilizing the power grid, making electricity cheaper, and making it easier for utility institutions to integrate intermittent renewable energy electricity, such as wind and solar.

Primus Power Company is attempting to overcome a fundamental problem that has been plagued by liquid flow batteries. This technology may be the cheapest form of grid storage, at least in theory, as it requires cheap and abundant materials. But in practice, liquid flow batteries are very expensive, partly because they are large and must be customized on-site. Primus hopes to bypass this and adopt a new design so that it can be mass-produced in the factory.

The demand for this type of battery has been increasing, as utility companies estimate that an increase in demand may overload the power grid. In addition, many states, especially California, require the use of a large amount of renewable energy, but due to the intermittent nature of this form of energy, it is difficult for utility companies to maintain the necessary supply and demand matching to prevent power outages.

These batteries can even balance these supply and demand peaks because they can quickly charge or supply power to the grid, prevent power outages, and reduce the need for new power lines. However, they are too expensive to be widely used. In almost all cases, it is cheaper to install new power lines or use natural gas power plants to compensate for changes in power output, which come from solar and wind power plants. Although Primos Power's technology is still too expensive to solve all the problems of grid energy storage, it has many uses.

To use a liquid flow battery, it is necessary to mix electrolytes and energy storage materials, store them in huge containers, some of which can be as large as 10 meters high and 20 meters wide, and then draw in a device to generate electricity. Due to the use of inexpensive materials such as water based electrolytes in liquid flow batteries, and the use of rich materials such as iron and zinc in the preparation of energy storage materials, the initial high costs may be reduced. Once enough batteries are manufactured, this will happen, "said Haresh Kamath, senior project manager for energy storage at the Electric Power Research Institute, This is a non-profit research institution supported by the power industry. But so far, the high cost initial demonstration projects have stifled investment.

Primos Power Company is replacing large storage containers with battery sizes similar to hot water tanks. This method sacrifices some of the potential savings of large storage containers, but it far compensates for this because savings can come from large-scale factory production, said Tom Stepien, CEO of Primus.

This company is also utilizing new zinc based energy storage materials, with better designs that can increase battery power output by approximately 4 to 5 times. These changes will result in smaller and cheaper batteries, use fewer materials, and are easy to install in existing equipment of utility institutions, such as substations. This system is stored in a container and is easy to carry. This can become a practical tool because utility agencies require battery systems to be temporary, and they are also waiting for new power cords to be installed. Other companies are also committed to modular systems, but these are still using relatively large components, each capable of supplying 1 megawatt or more. Primos Power Company is taking further measures to reduce the size of its batteries, each supplying only 20 kilowatts.

Primos Power Company has teamed up with 20 other companies, all of which are striving to manufacture cheaper liquid flow batteries. Its goal is to achieve a cost close to $500 per kilowatt hour of storage capacity. (It will be at least a year before this company can provide solid cost figures, "said Stapin." This will be much lower than the production costs to date, "said Kamas. These companies often do not disclose their costs, but he estimates that many exceed $2000 per kilowatt hour.

At $500 per kilowatt hour, batteries are cheap enough to be widely used in the power grid for many applications, such as delaying power line construction, Kamas said. This will also be greatly cheaper than the important competitors of the technology, which are now lithium-ion batteries, which cost about $1000 per kilowatt hour, he said. But it is still too expensive to meet the goal of the United States Department of Energy, which is that the cost of the energy storage system should be less than $100 per kilowatt hour.

If liquid flow battery power supply could be as cheap as $100 per kilowatt hour, they would become a cheaper option, and for utility institutions, it would be better than opening new fossil fuel based power plants that can offset daily fluctuations in wind or solar power generation, Kamas said. Primus Power recently received a grant from the DOE's Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy of the United States Department of Energy to develop this low-cost battery. But this will be a different design, different from the one the company is currently expanding, and the company has not talked about it much.

Many other experimental storage technologies are being developed to achieve such low costs. A semi solid flow battery technology is being developed by a startup called 24M Company, which uses much higher concentration energy storage materials in electrolytes, which means they can store up to 10 times more energy compared to conventional flow batteries. There is a start-up company called Liquid Metal Battery, which is commercializing a battery that uses molten metal and salt to prepare electrodes and electrolytes.

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