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Dry goods: an important component of the electrolyte in lithium-ion battery packs. The electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries is the carrier for ion transport in batteries, and its use is similar to that of blood for transporting oxygen, which is of great importance. A good electrolyte can improve the conductivity, stability, and charging and discharging efficiency of lithium-ion battery packs to a certain extent.

Composition of electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries

(1) Solvent: cyclic carbonates (PC, EC); Chain carbonates (DEC, DMC, EMC); Carboxylic acid esters (MF, MA, EA, MA, MP, etc.); (Used for dissolving lithium salts)

(2) Lithium salts: LiPF6, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, etc;

(3) Additives: film-forming additives, conductive additives, flame retardant additives, overcharge protection additives, additives for controlling the content of H2O and HF in electrolytes, additives for improving low-temperature performance, and multifunctional additives.

Introduction to Common Solvents for Lithium ion Battery Electrolytes

Carbonate: Ethylene carbonate (EC) is a high-performance organic solvent that can dissolve various polymers. It can irritate the eyes, affect the respiratory system, and damage the skin. This product should be stored in a cool, ventilated, and dry place, and transported according to general chemical regulations.

Carboxylic acid esters: They have a wide variety of types, are also relatively inexpensive, and are easy to achieve high purity. The chemical properties are relatively stable, which means it is not easily oxidized (except for formates) and is not easily reduced. At room temperature, it is mostly liquid.

Carbonate and carboxylate esters: The mixed solvent of the two can increase the potential of the negative electrode to form an SEI film during the first charging process of lithium-ion battery packs, prevent solvent reduction, ensure battery safety, and improve the capacity retention rate and high rate charge discharge capacity of low-temperature batteries.

Introduction to commonly used lithium salts in lithium-ion battery electrolytes

LiBF4: mild Lewis acid, used for Diels Alder reaction; Ethylene oxide ammonolysis catalyst. Low temperature performance is relatively good, but it is expensive and has low solubility.

LiPF6: LiPF6 is a white granular or powdered solid with different morphologies, flowability, and solubility. It is prone to decomposition when heated, starting at 160 ℃ in dry nitrogen (N2) and starting at 70 ℃ in air. LiPF6 is highly corrosive to the skin and requires wearing acid and alkali resistant gloves during operation. The overall performance is relatively good, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to absorb water and hydrolyze.

LiClO4: Lithium perchlorate, also known as lithium perchlorate, has a colorless crystalline appearance and is deliquescent. Mixing with reducing agents, organic matter, flammable substances such as sulfur, phosphorus, or metal powder can form explosive mixtures. The overall performance is relatively good, but strong oxidation leads to low safety.

LiBOB: Lithium oxalate borate, also known as lithium diacetate borate, with a purity of 99% and a white powder appearance. High temperature performance is relatively good, especially for simulating solvent insertion damage to the negative electrode, but the solubility is too low.

Introduction to Common Additives in Lithium ion Battery Electrolytes

Conductive additives

Solid electrolyte thin films have organic solvent intolerance, allowing lithium ions to freely enter and exit the electrode while solvent molecules cannot penetrate, thereby preventing the co insertion of solvent molecules from damaging the electrode and improving the cycling efficiency and reversible capacity of the battery. It is mainly divided into inorganic film-forming additives and organic film-forming additives.

Film forming additive

The research on additives to improve the conductivity of electrolytes focuses on improving the dissolution and ionization of conductive lithium salts, as well as preventing solvent co insertion from damaging the electrodes. It can be divided into cationic, anionic, and electrolyte ion usage types according to their usage types.

Flame retardant additives

Adding flame retardant additives is a good method to improve the stability of electrolytes and the safety of lithium-ion batteries. It is mainly divided into organic phosphides, organic fluorinated compounds, and halogenated alkyl phosphates.

Lithium ion batteries are mainly composed of electrolyte, isolation materials, positive and negative electrode materials, etc. Electrolyte is an extremely important component of lithium-ion battery materials in these compositions, so it is also useful to know some information about electrolytes. I hope the above introduction about electrolyte materials for lithium-ion battery packs can be helpful to everyone.

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