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First, let's take a look at the classification of solar panels. The basic packaging forms of solar cells include

Three types: epoxy sealing, PET lamination, and glass lamination. The specific differences between them are shown in the attached table.

Packaging instructions:

1. Epoxy adhesive packaging, using epoxy resin material as surface protection, is used to package the laser cut battery cells after voltage combination.

2. PET laminated packaging, using PET material as surface protection, compresses and solidifies the laser cut battery cells after voltage distribution.

3. Glass laminated packaging, using tempered glass material as surface protection, to compress and solidify the laser cut battery cells after voltage distribution.

Solar panels are often used in circuit manufacturing and are often matched with batteries. What are the requirements for matching different types and parameters of solar panels with batteries? This is the problem we need to solve below.

Epoxy encapsulation and PET laminated solar panels are suitable for small solar photovoltaic products, with a power generally below 5W. They can be selected in small power photovoltaic products because of their high cost-effectiveness. Glass lamination is suitable for large, medium, and small photovoltaic application systems (solar photovoltaic household power generation systems). We have compiled a picture to introduce the solar photovoltaic power generation system.

Epoxy resin technology

The cost is relatively low, the manufacturing process is simple, and it can be applied to low-power circuits. The minimum current can reach 5mA and the voltage is 0.5V

Short lifespan, usually 2-3 years, up to 5 years; Can only be used for low-power circuits, generally below 5-10W

Calculators, electronic toys, consumer electronics products

PET lamination technology (commonly known as polyester resin)

The lifespan is longer than that of the adhesive seal, which can reach 4-5 years, and the longest can reach 5-6 years (depending on different regions)

Can only be used for low-power circuits, generally below 5W

Solar lawn light

Organic glass lamination technology

Long lifespan, up to 20 years or more, up to 20-25 years; High strength, using tempered glass; Can be used in high-power applications, up to 300-500W

The process is relatively complex, requiring specialized equipment, and the production cycle of raw materials is relatively long; The power cannot be too small (the important thing is that small-sized glass cannot be tempered, and it is inconvenient to operate if it is too small)

Solar street lights, etc

How to choose the appropriate monocrystalline/polycrystalline silicon solar panel components? The first consideration is the output power of the battery panel. For example, if we choose a solar panel with a Pm (rated power) of 1.4W, a peak voltage of 3.5V, and a peak current of 400mA, for example, in the eastern region of China, the average time for ideal voltage to appear under light is 7 hours per day. Based on relevant design experience, the solar power generation efficiency value is 0.7, and the compensation value for the battery is N=1.4. This can calculate the amount of electricity converted by the solar panel and the capacity of the battery in a day. Assuming the effective lighting time in your location is h, the amount of electricity generated by the photovoltaic conversion of the solar panel in a day is M=Pm× H× U=1.4W× 7× 0.7=6.86W (W.H)

The daily electricity consumption is equal to the product of output current and effective lighting time, i.e. C=I * H (AH). C=Ph/U=1.4W * 7h/3.5V=2.8 (AH)

From the above formula, it can be concluded that a 3.5V400mA solar panel can output 2.8AH of electricity per day under 7 hours of effective illumination.

The selection of batteries includes many types of rechargeable batteries, such as nickel cadmium NI-CD, nickel hydrogen NI-MH, 6V, 12V lead-acid batteries, 3.7V lithium-ion batteries, etc. The single cell voltage of nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries is 1.2V, the single cell voltage of lead-acid batteries is 2V, and the single cell voltage of lithium-ion batteries is 3.7V. So how to connect the solar panel and battery? According to the author's design experience, the rated output voltage of solar panels is usually 1.4~1.6 times the voltage of the battery, which is determined by the charging efficiency of the battery. This is because solar panels have a greater choice in charging the battery, unlike the daily household AC power supply that converts DC power to charge the battery. Moreover, there may be slight power fluctuations when solar cells charge the battery. When choosing a battery charging compensation, it is usually positioned at 1.4 times. Therefore, a nickel hydrogen battery with a fixed voltage of 2.2V should be equipped with a solar panel voltage of around 2.2 * (1.4~1.6)=3.08~3.52V, which is more suitable.

The selection of battery capacity, C=2.8/1.40&asymmetry; 2000mA (2.0A) or above, considering the long exposure time of solar panels in summer and the safe use of solar energy and batteries, 2500mA is more suitable for the battery.

Solar panels, also known as AOLARPANEL in English, are available in monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon thin film batteries.

Monocrystalline silicon, also known as monocrystalline silicon, is a relatively active non-metallic element and an important component of crystalline materials. A single crystal of silicon with a basic and complete lattice structure. Different directions have different properties, making it a good semi conductive material. The purity requirement is to reach 99.9999% or even above. Used for manufacturing semiconductor devices, solar cells, etc. Made by drawing high-purity polycrystalline silicon in a single crystal furnace.

When molten elemental silicon solidifies, silicon atoms are arranged in a diamond lattice to form many crystal nuclei. If these crystal nuclei grow into grains with the same crystal orientation, these grains combine in parallel to crystallize into monocrystalline silicon. Monocrystalline silicon has quasi metallic physical properties and weak conductivity. Its conductivity increases with temperature and exhibits significant semi conductivity. Ultra pure monocrystalline silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor. Adding trace amounts of IIIA group elements, such as boron, to ultrapure monocrystalline silicon can improve its conductivity and form p-type silicon semiconductors; Adding trace amounts of 5A group elements, such as phosphorus or arsenic, can also improve conductivity and form n-type silicon semiconductors.

The production method of monocrystalline silicon usually involves first producing polycrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon, and then growing rod-shaped monocrystalline silicon from the melt using Czochralski or suspension zone melting methods. Monocrystalline silicon is important for making semiconductor components.

Usage: It is a raw material for manufacturing semiconductor silicon devices, used for making high-power rectifiers, high-power transistors, diodes, switching devices, etc.

Polycrystalline silicon, English name: polycrystalline silicon, properties: gray metallic luster. Density 2.32-2.34. Melting point 1410 ℃. Boiling point 2355 ℃. Soluble in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, insoluble in water, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid. The hardness is between germanium and quartz, and it is brittle at room temperature and prone to breakage during cutting. Heating to above 800 ℃ results in ductility, and significant deformation is observed at 1300 ℃. Not active at room temperature, reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. at high temperatures. Under high temperature melting state, it has significant chemical reactivity and can be used with almost any material. Having semiconductor properties, it is an extremely important excellent semiconductor material, but trace impurities can greatly affect its conductivity.

Polycrystalline silicon is a form of elemental silicon. When molten elemental silicon solidifies under undercooled conditions, silicon atoms are arranged in a diamond lattice form into many crystal nuclei. If these crystal nuclei grow into grains with different crystal orientations, these grains combine to crystallize into polycrystalline silicon. Polycrystalline silicon can be used as a raw material for drawing monocrystalline silicon, and the significant difference between polycrystalline silicon and monocrystalline silicon lies in its physical properties.

Usage: Widely used in the electronics industry as a basic material for manufacturing semiconductor radios, recorders, refrigerators, color TVs, video recorders, electronic computers, and more. It is obtained by chlorinating dry silicon powder and dry hydrogen chloride gas under certain conditions, followed by condensation, distillation, and reduction.

Amorphous silicon, also known as amorphous silicon, has important advantages such as small mass, extremely thin thickness (several micrometers), bendability, and simple manufacturing process

Traditional crystalline silicon solar cells are composed of silicon, which makes important parts of the battery fragile and prone to hidden cracks. Most of them have a layer of tempered glass as protection, resulting in heavy weight, inconvenient carrying, poor seismic resistance, high cost, and reduced efficiency

Thin film solar cells have overcome the above shortcomings. In previous years, due to technological backwardness, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of thin film solar cells was not as high as that of traditional crystalline silicon cells.

The improvement of conversion efficiency of thin-film solar cells is the main direction of continuous research in the solar energy technology community. As of mid-2015, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of cadmium telluride thin film solar cells in the laboratory has reached 21.5%. FirstSolar is the world's largest manufacturer of cadmium telluride solar cell modules, with plans to achieve an efficiency of 16% for related components by 2015. At present, the efficiency of copper indium gallium selenium thin film solar cells also exceeds 21%, and the efficiency of related components will also reach 15%.

The currently commercialized thin-film solar cells include cadmium telluride thin-film solar cells, copper indium gallium selenium thin-film solar cells, and amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells.

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