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As a green energy source that can continuously provide stable electricity, the first application of fuel cells was in NASA's space missions in the 1960s, providing electricity for probes, artificial satellites, and spacecraft. Since then, fuel cells have been widely used in industries, housing, transportation, and other fields as basic or backup power supply devices.

The comparative application advantages of hydrogen fuel cells and lithium batteries are obvious

Due to factors such as high technological maturity, relatively easy industrial chain layout, and low costs, lithium batteries are currently the mainstream technology route in the field of new energy. But some foreign companies have always been optimistic about hydrogen fuel cell technology, such as Toyota, which has been committed to the development of hydrogen fuel cells since the 1990s. Currently, it has successfully released hydrogen fuel cell passenger cars, trucks, forklifts, and other products. As of December 2017, Toyota Mirai sold a total of 5300 units worldwide. Due to the safety issues of lithium batteries and diesel forklift exhaust, fuel cell forklifts have been widely used in the logistics industry in Europe and America. Although the cost of purchasing a fuel cell forklift for the first time may be higher than that of a regular forklift, according to statistics from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States, the annual operating cost of lithium battery forklifts in 2013 was 19700 US dollars per vehicle, and the cost of fuel cell forklifts was only 17800 US dollars per vehicle, which is 10% lower than that of lithium battery forklifts. The current development of fuel cells in China is mainly affected by high technological barriers and high investment in industrial chain layout, and their market promotion is relatively slow compared to foreign countries.

The regional characteristics of fuel cell enterprise layout are obvious, and the agglomeration effect is increasingly prominent

From the regional distribution of fuel cell power systems, fuel cells, and components, the concentration of the fuel cell industry is relatively high, mainly concentrated in Beijing, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta region. These regions have a high level of economic development and possess the strength to develop fuel cell technology. Moreover, the concentration of universities provides technical support for the development of fuel cells. Some of China's major hydrogen fuel demonstration projects, such as the Beijing Olympics fuel cell demonstration project, the Shanghai World Expo demonstration operation project, and the Shenzhen Universiade demonstration project, are also opportunities for the development of the fuel cell industry in related regions. With the gradual opening of China's fuel cell industry layout, it is expected that the industry layout will gradually spread to the central and eastern regions in the future.

The main source of technology for fuel cell enterprises is the transformation of scientific and technological achievements through school enterprise cooperation

The development of early fuel cell enterprises mostly relied on universities, such as Tsinghua University, Tongji University, and Dalian University of Technology, whose geographical locations were consistent with the distribution of industry clusters. Most of these enterprises adopt independent research and development routes, and after years of accumulation, such as Xinyuan Power and Yihuatong, they can represent the highest level of Chinese fuel cell enterprises. Yihuatong's fuel cell engines have been matched to fuel cell buses such as Yutong and Futian.

Among the enterprises that follow the path of independent research and development technology, there are also some enterprises founded by returning technical personnel. For example, the core technical personnel of Hydrogen Puchuang Energy, established in 2010, are all from well-known foreign fuel cell enterprises. The fuel cell stack products produced by their companies have been applied to automobiles such as Dongfeng Special Automobile, Zhongzhi, and Wuzhoulong.

In addition, Sino foreign joint venture fuel cell companies also have strong market competitiveness, and fuel cells provided by Edelman and Baiying Energy have been introduced into mainstream automotive companies. Due to the high technical barriers to fuel cell technology, it is difficult for general enterprises to enter this field through independent research and development. In recent years, battery companies such as Jiangsu Sol, Shuangdeng Group, Xiongtao Co., Ltd., and Nandu, as well as electromechanical companies such as Dayang Electromechanical and Xueren Co., Ltd., have laid out the fuel cell industry chain through technology introduction and investment.

The industrial chain of fuel cell enterprises continues to deepen, breaking through core technology monopolies

Shanghai Shenli, Xinyuan Power, and Shanghai Panye are among the earliest enterprises in China to carry out research and production of fuel cell fuel cell stacks. Shanghai Fuel Cell and Yihuatong mainly focus on the research and development of fuel cell power systems, while Shanghai Fuel Cell mainly targets the sedan market, Yihuatong mainly targets the passenger car market, and SAIC Group has also been engaged in the development of fuel cell sedans. From the table below, it can be seen that the industrial layout of fuel cell enterprises mainly revolves around fuel cell stacks or power systems. Compared with foreign fuel cell enterprises, hydrogen production and storage and transportation are less involved.

Fuel cell capital market heat up: hydrogen fuel cell investment projects exceeded 100 billion yuan in 2017

In 2015, China released "Made in China 2025", officially elevating the development of hydrogen fuel cells to a strategic level. Subsequently, local governments also released strategic plans and subsidy policies for fuel cells. Driven by national policies, more and more enterprises are paying attention to the research and development of fuel cells. According to Mao Zongqiang, a professor at the Institute of Nuclear Energy and New Energy Technology at Tsinghua University, Vice Chairman of the International Hydrogen Association, and Chief Scientist of China's first national 973 hydrogen project, investment projects in hydrogen fuel cells alone reached over 100 billion yuan in 2017, covering the entire fuel cell industry chain including fuel cell engines, membrane electrodes, and fuel stacks. The dynamics of various sub sectors of new energy power batteries continued in 2017.

In 2018, more and more enterprises focused on fuel cells and upstream and downstream industries, including domestic listed companies undergoing transformation, self construction, and mergers and acquisitions, as well as foreign investment and distribution in China. Through signing cooperation agreements with local governments and economic development zones, they accelerated the demonstration operation of fuel cell vehicles in various regions as a pilot for subsequent hydrogen fuel industrialization, thereby promoting the maturity of the domestic hydrogen fuel industry chain.

The application prospects of fuel cells are broad, and the market size of hydrogen fuel cells for vehicles in China will exceed 700MW by 2022

According to the planning of relevant national industrial policies, the scale and top-down systematic design and development of fuel cell vehicles, combined with the construction of hydrogen infrastructure network, will drive the progress of fuel cell technology. Referring to the "Technology and Industry Development Strategy" already released by the country, the phased development goals for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China are as follows: by 2020, achieve large-scale demonstration operation of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology, with 5000 demonstration vehicles. By 2025, the promotion and application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology will be achieved, with a scale of 10000 commercial vehicles and 40000 passenger vehicles. By 2030, the large-scale promotion and application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will be achieved, with the production and sales scale of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles reaching 500000, and 50% of hydrogen sources being clean energy. According to OFweek Industry Research Institute's forecast, the demand for hydrogen fuel cells in China's automotive market will exceed 700MW by 2022.

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