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With the continuous promotion of energy conservation and environmental protection in our country, more and more energy-saving and environmental protection equipment has been developed. In the battery market, both power type lithium batteries and energy storage batteries have gradually been replaced by lithium batteries. Compared to traditional lead-acid batteries, lithium batteries have advantages such as high charging and discharging times (1000 times, compared to 300 times for regular batteries), no memory effect, complete discharge, long service life, energy conservation and environmental protection, and light weight (about one-third of that of lead-acid batteries). Even though they are much more expensive than traditional lead-acid batteries, they can still be compensated for by their service life.

The usage environment of lithium-ion batteries also has a significant impact on their cycle life. Among them, environmental temperature is a very important factor. Low or high ambient temperature can affect the cycle life of lithium batteries.

The editor studied the charging and discharging performance of C/LiCoO2 lithium-ion batteries under -20 ℃ conditions. The results show that the discharge performance of the battery deteriorates at low temperatures, with a 0.2C discharge capacity of only 77% of the room temperature capacity and a 1C discharge capacity of only 4% of the 0.2C discharge capacity. The constant voltage charging time increases at low temperatures, and the charging performance also deteriorates significantly.

The main reasons for the decrease in discharge capacity of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures include: decreased electrolyte conductivity, decreased wetting and/or permeability of the separator, slower migration rate of lithium ions, and slower charge transfer rate at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In addition, the impedance of the SEI membrane increases at low temperatures, slowing down the speed of lithium ions passing through the electrode/electrolyte interface. The reason for the increase in impedance of the SEI membrane is that lithium ions are easier to detach from the negative electrode at low temperatures and more difficult to embed. During charging, lithium metal will appear and react with the electrolyte, forming a new SEI film that covers the original SEI film, increasing the impedance of the battery and leading to a decrease in battery capacity.

Conduct 300 charge and discharge cycle experiments on the same batch of lithium batteries at 60 ℃ and room temperature, respectively. At the initial stage, the battery exhibits a high discharge capacity under 60 ℃ conditions. But as the cycle progresses, the battery capacity decay accelerates, the cycle stability decreases, and even the battery may experience swelling in the later stage. The charging and discharging cycle of lithium-ion batteries under high temperature is unstable. High temperature leads to intensified electrochemical polarization of the battery electrodes and gas generation, resulting in bulging phenomenon. At the same time, the charge transfer resistance increases, and the ion transfer kinetics performance decreases.

At present, most lithium-ion batteries use LiPF6 as the electrolyte. Due to the impurity of the electrolyte or the catalytic decomposition of conductive salts by trace amounts of water, the electrolyte contains a certain acidic substance HF. HF will react with the main components such as ROLi and ROCO2Li in the SEI membrane, generating LiF and depositing it on the negative electrode surface. SEI membranes containing LiF can hinder the migration of lithium ions. Meanwhile, the generated high impedance material will cause insulation isolation between graphite particles. With the progress of high-temperature charging and discharging, the negative electrode performance will gradually deteriorate, ultimately leading to battery failure.

Equipment using lithium-ion batteries may be subjected to conditions such as vibration, impact, and collision during transportation or normal operation. Some lithium batteries charge and discharge when communicating with the system and receive data information based on a certain frequency. The frequency of device vibration may interfere with the battery frequency, causing chip data errors or triggering protection circuit actions. Under strong vibration or impact, the pole ears, external connections, terminals, solder joints, etc. of lithium-ion batteries may break or fall off, and the active substances on the battery electrodes may also peel off, which can affect the battery's lifespan and even create dangerous situations.

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