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Necessary protective measures for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium is the lightest alkali metal with an atomic number of 3 and an atomic weight of 6.941. In order to improve safety and voltage, scientists have developed materials such as graphite and lithium cobalt oxide to store lithium atoms. The molecular structure of these materials forms tiny nanoscale storage cells that can be used to store lithium atoms. In this way, even if the battery casing ruptures and oxygen enters, the oxygen molecules are too large to fit into the tiny battery, thus preventing lithium atoms from coming into contact with oxygen and exploding.

When the charging voltage exceeds 4.2V, lithium-ion batteries will begin to have side effects. The greater the pressure, the greater the risk. When the voltage of a lithium-ion battery exceeds 4.2V, less than half of the lithium atoms remain in the positive electrode material, and the battery often crashes, resulting in a permanent decrease in battery capacity. If the battery is charged, the subsequent lithium metal will accumulate on the surface of the material because the negative electrode battery is already filled with lithium atoms. These lithium atoms grow dendritic crystals from the cathode surface towards lithium ions. These lithium crystals will pass through diaphragm paper, short-circuit anode and cathode. Sometimes the battery explodes before a short circuit occurs. This is because during overcharging, substances such as electrolyte will decompose into gas, causing the battery casing or pressure valve to expand and burst, allowing oxygen to enter and react with lithium atoms accumulated on the negative electrode surface, leading to an explosion of the negative electrode.

Therefore, when charging lithium-ion batteries, a voltage limit must be set in order to balance the battery's lifespan, capacity, and safety. The optimal upper limit of charging voltage is 4.2v. The discharge of lithium-ion batteries must also have a lower voltage limit. When the battery voltage is below 2.4V, some materials begin to be damaged. Moreover, as the battery will self discharge and the voltage will decrease as it grows, it is best not to stop discharging at 2.4V. During the discharge period from 3.0V to 2.4V, lithium-ion batteries can only release about 3% of their capacity. Therefore, 3.0V is the ideal discharge cutoff voltage. During charging and discharging, in addition to voltage limitation, current limitation is also necessary. When the current is too high, lithium ions do not have time to enter the storage battery and will accumulate on the surface of the material.

When these ions acquire electrons, they crystallize lithium atoms on the surface of the material, which is as dangerous as overcharging. If the battery box is broken, it will explode. Therefore, the protection of lithium-ion batteries should at least include three parts: upper limit of charging voltage, lower limit of discharge voltage, and upper limit of current. A typical lithium-ion battery pack, in addition to lithium-ion batteries, also has a protective plate, which is important for providing these three protections. However, the protection of the three protective plates is clearly insufficient, and lithium-ion battery explosions continue to occur frequently around the world. To ensure the safety of the battery system, it is necessary to analyze the causes of battery explosions more carefully.

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