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What processes can be used to modify and optimize silicon in order to complement each other's strengths and weaknesses? Composite treatment of silicon with other substances can achieve good results, among which silicon carbon composite material is a widely studied material.

Carbon materials are currently the most commonly used negative electrode materials, which can be divided into three types: soft carbon (graphitized carbon), graphite, and hard carbon (amorphous carbon). The charge discharge chemical equation can be expressed as:

Carbon negative electrode materials have good cycling stability and excellent conductivity, and lithium ions have no significant effect on their interlayer spacing. They can buffer and adapt to the volume expansion of silicon to a certain extent, so they are often used for composite with silicon.

Composite materials can usually be divided into two categories based on the type of carbon material: traditional silicon carbon composite materials and new silicon carbon composite materials. Traditional composite materials refer to the composite of silicon with graphite, MCMB, carbon black, etc., while new silicon carbon composite materials refer to the composite of silicon with new carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene.

Silicon carbon negative electrode materials are mainly divided into coating type, embedding type, and molecular contact type based on the distribution of silicon, while they are divided into particle type and thin film type based on their morphology. They are divided into silicon carbon binary composite and silicon carbon multi-component composite based on the number of types of silicon carbon. The following figure shows silicon carbon negative electrode materials with different distribution patterns:

The preparation processes of silicon carbon composite materials include ball milling, high-temperature cracking, chemical vapor precipitation, sputtering deposition, vapor deposition, and so on. The reversible capacity of silicon carbon negative electrodes prepared by ball milling method can reach 500-1000mAh/g. Ball milling can promote uniform mixing of raw material particles and obtain smaller particle sizes. At the same time, the gaps between particles are also conducive to improving the cycling performance of the battery.

The high-temperature cracking method is a method of obtaining Si/C composite materials by cracking nano silicon particles and organic precursors or directly pyrolysis organic silicon precursors. The silicon carbon composite material produced by this method has a lower volumetric capacity than the Si/C composite material obtained by high-energy ball milling method, but higher than graphite, about 300-700mAh/g. This is because the electrode material prepared by pyrolysis method contains a large amount of non electrochemically active substances, which reduces the capacity of the electrode material.

Nano silicon particles are one of the earliest studied negative electrode materials, but their large expansion volume effect limits their application. The composite material made by compounding silicon and carbon reserves expansion space for the volume expansion of silicon, while also to some extent compensating for the disadvantages of poor conductivity and unstable SEI film of silicon, which has received widespread attention and application from battery cell manufacturers. The Modle3, launched by the famous car manufacturer TESLA in 2016, uses silicon carbon negative electrode material as the battery cell negative electrode material. Its acceleration from 0 to 60 miles per hour (about 96.6 kilometers) takes only 6 seconds, and its range reaches 215 miles (about 346 kilometers). Interested parties can follow it.

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