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In theory, substances that can burn to produce energy can basically be used as fuel for fuel cells; In lengthy experiments and feasibility studies, the following substances are generally considered ideal fuels for fuel cells: hydrogen (H2), methanol (CH3OH), gasoline, and other types of hydrocarbons. The working principle of fuel cells is shown in the figure; Below is a brief description of several common substances:

1. Hydrogen (H2)

Hydrogen (H2) is the optimal fuel for fuel cells, and direct use of hydrogen can greatly simplify fuel cell auxiliary systems, improve efficiency, and reduce emissions to zero. However, the current hydrogen production process is more complex and costly. If the hydrogen produced during the production of chlor alkali using salt as raw material is utilized, the cost can be reduced.

2. Methanol (CH3OH)

Methanol is a major fuel for fuel cells, and the most commonly used and cheapest method is to produce methanol using natural gas as a raw material. The storage, storage, charging, carrying, and transportation of natural gas are all very inconvenient. After converting it into liquid methanol, storage, storage, charging, carrying, and transportation are much more convenient than hydrogen. Methanol has a high energy density (Wh/L), and high-purity methanol has a single component that can be reformed at lower temperature conditions, simplifying the reforming process and simplifying the fuel treatment process and equipment. However, in both light and micro FCEVs, the current large volume and mass of reforming system equipment significantly reduces the feasibility of using fuel cells.

3. Gasoline

Gasoline has a history of over 100 years as a fuel for automobiles, but as a fuel for internal combustion engine vehicles, the efficiency of converting gasoline heat into driving force is only about 11%. If gasoline is reformed into hydrogen gas for fuel cells, and then driven by the transmission system to drive the FCEV, the efficiency of converting gasoline heat into car driving force can reach about 34%, almost more than three times.

4. Other types of fuel

In addition to commonly used hydrogen and methanol fuels, the University of Pennsylvania in the United States has experimented with using hydrocarbons (such as methane) other than methanol as fuel for fuel cells, but they are prone to carbon deposition and some polymers on the nickel positive electrode during chemical reactions. After sintering the positive electrode with a mixture of copper and ceramics, the problem of carbon deposition and some polymers on the positive electrode was effectively solved, making hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, toluene, butene, and butane one of the best fuels for fuel cells.

Ford Motor Company is also experimenting with using gasoline and diesel, which are reformed and converted into hydrogen, as fuel for fuel cells. International Fuel Cell Corporation and Toshiba Corporation of Japan jointly develop gasoline fuel cells, and also participate in the research and development of gasoline fuel cell systems for the US Department of Energy's 50kW IFC and PEMFC.

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