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Recently, researchers from Tianjin University ranked some of the most commonly used battery chemicals according to the parameters required for power grid energy storage.

In batteries, different chemical components have different advantages and disadvantages, which makes them more or less suitable for certain applications, which is why some industries prefer one type of battery to another. For example, the starting battery of fuel vehicles is usually lead-acid battery, while the battery of notebook computers, mobile phones and other electronic products is generally lithium-ion battery.

The researchers evaluated the chemical composition of several energy storage batteries for the power grid

The standardized method used by the research team of Tianjin University to evaluate battery performance is the mathematical method of "rough set theory", which scores the data of different battery chemical components extracted from existing literature that are difficult to compare.

The research team evaluated the performance of lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, zinc-air batteries, nickel/metal hydrogen batteries and sodium-sulfur batteries in terms of round-trip efficiency, specific energy and capacity, working voltage, cycle life, self-discharge performance, cost, environmental impact and safety.

According to the research results, zinc-air battery is in the leading position in the power grid energy storage. Zinc-air battery has relatively high specific energy and capacity. The chemical composition of this battery is based on zinc electrode and free oxygen fuel in the air, so it has also obtained high scores in terms of cost, safety and ecological friendliness.

Despite these advantages, zinc-air batteries have not been widely promoted commercially, because the problems related to electrodes and electrolytes have not been solved. For example, the air cathode is due to the four-electron oxygen reduction reaction. The slow reaction kinetics leads to low discharge voltage, high charging voltage and low energy efficiency. The research team also found that the use of alkaline electrolyte in the zinc-air device will lead to passivation and dendritic growth, significantly shortening the battery life, while the carbonization and water loss during the charge-discharge cycle are another major problem of the zinc-air battery.

The researchers evaluated the chemical composition of several energy storage batteries for the power grid

Lithium-ion battery ranks second in the power grid energy storage capacity. This kind of battery has been widely used in industry, and is favored because of its high working voltage, high efficiency and long cycle life. However, concerns about the source, cost and safety of raw materials are the current adverse factors of lithium-ion batteries. The research team pointed out that in order to apply lithium-ion batteries to fixed energy storage on a large scale, it is necessary to optimize the management of batteries and develop complex recovery routes.

The third is Ni-MHs (nickel/metal hydrogen device). The research team said that Ni-MHs (nickel/metal hydrogen device) showed great potential in power grid applications due to its relatively high energy density, high specific capacity, long cycle life and environmental friendliness. However, high cost and low energy efficiency have affected the expansion of this technology, and this equipment may have problems, especially at low temperatures.

At the same time, traditional lead-acid batteries show a series of advantages in terms of cycle durability and energy efficiency. The disadvantage is that lead itself is harmful to human health and the environment, and lead acid devices perform poorly in specific energy, capacity and working voltage indicators.

The researchers evaluated the chemical composition of several energy storage batteries for the power grid

Sodium-sulfur battery is also desirable for large-scale energy storage. Researchers said that this kind of equipment has been used in small energy storage, and has shown good performance in terms of efficiency, working voltage and cycle life. The disadvantage is that it requires high operating temperature in large-scale energy storage, so it has certain hidden dangers in terms of safety and needs to be managed.

Although a large number of battery technologies have come out, it is still very difficult to manufacture batteries with low cost, high performance, high energy density, safe operation and cycle stability. It is necessary to carry out continuous and in-depth research on high-performance and new battery systems. At present, high-performance potassium ion batteries with relatively high energy density but low cost are also being studied.

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