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The discussion around transportation electrification is intensifying all over the world... Governments are also formulating stricter battery standards.

In order to promote a new, zero-emission world, automobile manufacturers have developed a variety of electric vehicles, from aircraft, ships to cars, and each mode of transportation is studying the road of electrification. With the electrification of transportation and the increasing use of batteries in energy storage applications, the battery supply chain of equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and utility companies has undergone fundamental changes.

Wood Mackenzie predicted that the number of electric vehicles would reach 15 million by 2030. Some people even thought that this was a relatively conservative growth rate. The future of electrification is no small challenge to battery technology. Here are five questions about the battery supply chain of electric vehicles.

Five common questions about the battery supply chain of electric vehicles

1. What are the main components of electric vehicle batteries?

Battery energy density is crucial to the success of electric vehicles. The innovation of battery technology enables consumers to use lighter, more energy efficient, cheaper and more durable vehicles. Therefore, the demand for lithium ion batteries with high energy density will soar simultaneously with the demand for electric vehicles themselves. Lithium-ion batteries require a large number of key metal substances, of which lithium, cobalt and nickel are the most critical. Of course, lithium iron phosphate batteries without cobalt and nickel are more commonly used in specific transportation and energy storage fields in China.

Five common questions about the battery supply chain of electric vehicles

2. Can the supply of battery raw materials keep up with the demand of electric vehicles?

Electrification of transportation is changing the demand and supply of battery raw materials. In fact, it is expected that battery raw materials will have a double-digit growth rate in the next decade. The latest research by Wood Mackenzie shows that by the middle of the 1920s, the supply of battery raw materials may be tight, thus increasing the pressure on the supply chain.

3. Where will lithium resource supply come from?

Many of the world's basic resources are supplied from regions with particularly high political, social and environmental risks. For example, Iraq, which recently broke out the anti-American wave, ranks fourth in the world in oil reserves, but the instability of the political environment has affected oil exports. Such risks also exist in the supply of raw materials for lithium batteries, which increases the complexity of OEM procurement. In this regard, Australia is the exception. It has become the largest lithium metal supply source in the world. At present, there has been no significant change in its lithium resource supply.

4. What is the potential threat of lithium resource exploitation?

The traditional brine operation in Chile, Argentina and Bolivia's lithium triangle is the biggest challenge to lithium supply. Can these water-intensive operations be expanded without lasting damage to the surrounding environment?

For cobalt, the supply situation is more severe. In 2018, 72% of the world's primary cobalt production came from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a war-torn country known for its poverty, corruption and danger. The Ebola epidemic has even broken out recently, and violence has also increased, which has a great impact on the mining and transportation of cobalt in the country by enterprises of all countries. It is understood that BMW has promised not to use cobalt from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and its cobalt raw materials will come from Australia and Morocco.

5. What are the alternatives to lithium-ion batteries?

In the first half of 2019, technology and transportation companies, including Tesla and Samsung, made a lot of investment in the field of replacing lithium-ion battery chemistry, paying attention to the development of low-cobalt cathode, solid electrolyte, silicon-based anode, etc. Many battery companies are looking for other batteries that do not contain rare metals and have comparable performance to lithium-ion batteries, but these batteries are still in the laboratory research and development stage. Over time, some of these new technologies will begin to be commercialized to meet the growing demand for electric vehicles.

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