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Why is the battery used by Tesla different from ours?

Eighteen years ago, the power lithium battery on the market was an age when lithium ternary and lithium iron phosphate were equally divided. For 17 years, the installed capacity of ternary lithium-ion batteries was 16.04 GWh, accounting for 44.01%; The installed capacity of lithium iron phosphate battery is 17.97 GWh, accounting for 49.29%. However, due to the limited energy density of lithium iron phosphate battery under the existing technical conditions, the national subsidy policy for passenger cars began to tilt towards ternary lithium ion battery in 2018. So in recent years, the power lithium batteries carried by newly launched electric vehicles are basically ternary lithium ion batteries.

Why is the battery used by Tesla different from ours?

In brief, ternary lithium-ion battery is a lithium-ion battery with nickel and cobalt as the cathode material and manganese salt or aluminum salt as the stable chemical structure. In the ternary lithium-ion battery, there are two important technical routes: NCM and NCA.

NCM means that the cathode material is composed of nickel, cobalt and manganese in a certain proportion, while the cathode material of NCA is composed of nickel, cobalt and aluminum. Each letter corresponds to the chemical initials of the relevant elements. Because these two types of lithium-ion batteries have relatively higher energy density and can balance the endurance and stability, they have become the first choice of electric vehicle batteries at present.

Which of the two technical routes is more advantageous, NCM or NCA?

To put it directly, at present, neither of these two technologies has absolute advantages to defeat the other. However, due to domestic production technology and other reasons, most domestic electric vehicles carry NCM ternary lithium-ion batteries.

Why is the battery used by Tesla different from ours?

First of all, NCA battery. Tesla's models currently carry this type of battery. For example, the 21700 battery of Model 3 has a single density of 300Wh/kg. The common ratio of nickel, cobalt and aluminum in NCA is 8:1.5:0.5, and the content of aluminum is very small. Therefore, it can be understood that it is close to binary material. Replacing manganese with aluminum (transition metal) is to modify nickel, cobalt and lithium manganese through ion doping and surface coating. Ion doping can enhance the stability of the material and improve the cycling performance of the material. However, in the production process, because Al is an amphoteric metal and is not easy to precipitate, there is a threshold in the NCA material production process.

Nickel-cobalt aluminum battery has high requirements for manufacturing process and high cost, but aluminum can play a role in improving the chemical stability of the battery cycle. When used in the ternary system, the nickel content can be improved to a certain extent, so as to achieve a higher battery energy density. However, the crystal structure of nickel, cobalt and aluminum is more unstable than that of nickel, cobalt and manganese. It is easy to collapse at higher temperatures, leading to thermal runaway, and too high pH value is easy to cause monomer gas inflation, thus causing danger.

Why is the battery used by Tesla different from ours?

Due to the high technical barriers of NCA materials, the current output is mainly concentrated in Japan and South Korea, and China's mass production is less. Important suppliers include Sumitomo, Japan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. and Toda Chemical, while Ecopro and GSEM in South Korea also sell a small amount of products. Among them, Toda mainly supplies Japan AESC and South Korea LGC, Sumitomo mainly supplies Panasonic and PEVE, and the corresponding customer of Ecopro in South Korea is SDI.

And friends who pay attention to electric cars may have heard about the 811 battery. This 811 actually belongs to the NCM technical route, which means that the proportion of nickel, cobalt and manganese in the NCM ternary lithium-ion battery is 8:1:1. According to the different contents of nickel, cobalt and manganese, the common models of NCM include NCM523, NCM622, NCM811, etc. Most domestic electric vehicles currently use NCM batteries of 523 or 622 models. At present, the development trend of NCM technology is to remove cobalt and improve nickel, such as the latest 811 battery.

Why is the battery used by Tesla different from ours?

At present, China's Ningde era has started mass production of NCM811 batteries since the end of last year, such as Weilai ES6 and GAC New Energy AionS, which have been equipped with this battery. Its monomer energy density can reach 250Wh/kg. However, because the manganese element in the Ni-Co-Mn battery is difficult to stabilize more nickel, the current energy density of the Ni-Co-Mn system is slightly low, so the current endurance performance is not as good as that of the Ni-Co-Al battery, and the thermal stability of the cathode material is worse. In case of high temperature, external impact and other conditions, high nickel batteries will have potential safety hazards. It is also a problem to be solved that the gas produced during the charging of the high nickel battery will cause the battery to bulge.

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