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The important applications of batteries in China are in the three major industries, namely electric vehicles, energy storage, and consumer electronics. Around these three directions, especially in recent years, the electric vehicle and energy storage fields have developed rapidly, with a focus on lithium-ion batteries. Power lithium-ion batteries increased by about 80% in 2015, and have already exceeded 30GWh in 2016. As a result, the waste and recycling issues of lithium-ion batteries have become prominent, and lithium resources are also limited. At the same time, energy storage is also a rapidly developing industry, especially in the microgrid sector where there will be a large demand for energy storage. By 2020, it is expected that energy storage can increase by three times compared to 2015. With such a large demand for batteries, if all lithium-ion batteries are used, there are two problems: one is the problem of lithium resources, and the other is the problem of lithium recycling. So after lithium-ion batteries, we have new options. This involves what kind of battery system to use and what kind of materials to use. Based on this consideration, can we find a system with richer reserves and cheaper materials? Finally, we chose sodium ion batteries.

Our focus on sodium ion batteries is to have low costs, as the positive electrode material needs to be lithium and cobalt free, without the need for lithium ions or high cost cobalt raw materials; The second requirement is to have a long battery life in both electric vehicles and energy storage; The third is good safety; Finally, the energy density should be more appropriate.

The reaction mechanisms of sodium ion batteries and lithium-ion batteries are similar. In addition to phosphate or fluorinated phosphate, the positive electrode material can also be nickel manganese layered transition metal oxides. Carbon, alloys, and compounds can be selected as negative electrode materials. Among the three major categories of negative electrode materials, we still choose the cheapest carbon material. We have conducted research on negative electrode carbon materials in three categories: soft carbon, hard carbon, and graphene.

Our focus on sodium ion batteries is to have low costs, as the positive electrode material needs to be lithium and cobalt free, without the need for lithium ions or high cost cobalt raw materials; The second requirement is to have a long battery life in both electric vehicles and energy storage; The third is good safety; Finally, the energy density should be more appropriate.

One of our recent research findings is the use of layered Na0.67Ni0.33-xMxMn0.67O2 as the cathode material. After experimental research and comparison, we believe that using acetate or oxalate is better in the preparation of positive electrode raw materials. According to literature reports, if only nickel manganese oxide is used as the positive electrode material, its cycling performance and stability when charged to high potential are poor. So there are literature reports that magnesium doping can be used instead of nickel sites, so it is expected that its capacity can be higher. This method is very helpful for obtaining high energy density sodium ion batteries. Can other doped elements besides magnesium be used? We chose elements with similar ionic radii to substitute elements for doping, such as nickel sites. We chose zirconium (Zr) ions and copper (Cu) ions for doping. After material doping, the electrochemical and cycling performance have been improved compared to before doping. Compared with Zr doping and Cu doping, Cu doping has better cycling stability.

In terms of the negative electrode, due to the various methods of treating soft carbon materials, we attempted to use phosphorus doped soft carbon. After doping phosphorus, the discharge capacity can be increased by more than 30%, and the cycling characteristics are good. Why does the performance of the material improve after phosphorus addition? This is because adding phosphorus can add active sites for sodium adsorption. In addition to traditional embedding reactions, there are also some active sites for sodium ion adsorption. In addition, in terms of hard carbon, we selected biomass materials such as coconut shells and apricot shells, and through treatment, we ultimately obtained hard carbon materials. Through Raman analysis, it can be found that these materials have a short layer ordered and long layer disordered structure, with large interlayer spacing of microcrystals, suitable for sodium ion insertion. Through the cyclic experiment, it can be seen that after 200 cycles, the capacity has basically not decreased, and the cyclic stability is very good. It can be seen that these biomass materials are excellent and inexpensive negative electrode materials for sodium ion batteries. Furthermore, we have also conducted research on graphene negative electrodes. The biggest problem with graphene materials is their relatively low density, and whether they can be made into high volume specific energy batteries in the future is still a problem. So it can be considered to composite graphene with other negative electrode materials such as hard carbon, soft carbon, as well as compound or alloy materials.

Our focus on sodium ion batteries is to have low costs, as the positive electrode material needs to be lithium and cobalt free, without the need for lithium ions or high cost cobalt raw materials; The second requirement is to have a long battery life in both electric vehicles and energy storage; The third is good safety; Finally, the energy density should be more appropriate.

We made two types of soft pack full batteries, 1.5Ah and 0.5Ah. The positive electrode material used was nickel manganese oxide mentioned earlier, and the negative electrode was made of biomass hard carbon material. After 300 cycles, the capacity decreased to 15%. It can be seen from this that sodium ion batteries can be prepared with inexpensive materials and have good electrical performance.

We doped nickel manganese oxide as the positive electrode material for sodium ion batteries to improve its electrical performance. We have studied three types of negative electrode materials: hard carbon, soft carbon, and graphene. Doping phosphorus into soft carbon can increase its capacity; Hard carbon materials have good cycling stability; Graphene has a higher capacity but lower initial efficiency. Finally, we look forward to the application of sodium ion batteries based on inexpensive materials that approach or exceed the energy density of lithium iron phosphate batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage.

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