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Although the subsidy policy for new energy vehicles in China has begun to decline, the increasingly abundant infrastructure and a wider range of optional models have also made consumers accept the popularization of new energy vehicles. In addition to being an alternative solution for restricted purchase areas that cannot purchase gasoline vehicles, new energy vehicles also have many unique advantages. A quiet driving environment, clean energy sources, low operating costs, and even the massive torque output at the start can make many friends who drive gasoline cars envious.

As the power source of electric vehicles, batteries are naturally one of the most important components. The range, charging and discharging, and all other uses of electric vehicles are closely related to the performance of the battery. At present, power batteries in China are mainly divided into two factions, namely the lithium iron phosphate faction and the ternary material faction, based on the different positive electrode materials. Although both belong to secondary batteries and can be repeatedly charged and discharged, there are still significant differences in the performance reflected in the final use due to material differences.

Ternary lithium battery or lithium iron phosphate battery?

To figure out which battery is better, we should first have a simple understanding of the differences between the two.

The so-called lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode material. The characteristic of this type of battery is that it does not contain precious metal elements (such as cobalt). Due to the absence of precious metal materials, the raw material cost of lithium iron phosphate batteries can be compressed very low. In practical use, lithium iron phosphate batteries have the advantages of high temperature resistance, strong safety and stability, low cost, and better cycling performance.

The ternary lithium battery refers to a lithium battery that uses nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium as the positive electrode material and graphite as the negative electrode material. Unlike lithium iron phosphate, ternary lithium batteries have a high voltage platform, which means that at the same volume or weight, ternary lithium batteries have a higher specific energy and specific power. In addition, ternary lithium batteries also have significant advantages in high rate charging and low temperature resistance.

The author has always believed that technology does not have any distinction between good and bad, but is only suitable for different products or environments. When it comes to batteries alone, there is no such thing as who is better or worse. Just applied to practical usage scenarios, ternary lithium batteries are more suitable for current and future household electric vehicles compared to lithium iron phosphate batteries.

Why are ternary lithium batteries more suitable for household electric vehicles?

1、 Better low-temperature discharge performance

China has a vast territory and a complex climate, with rich temperature changes ranging from the northernmost three northeastern provinces to the southernmost Hainan islands. Taking Beijing as an example, as the main market for electric vehicles, the highest temperature in summer in Beijing is around 40 ℃, while in winter it remains around minus 16 ℃, or even lower. This temperature range is obviously suitable for ternary lithium batteries with better low-temperature performance. However, lithium iron phosphate batteries that focus on high temperature resistance may appear somewhat weak in winter in Beijing.

"Relative 25 ℃ capacity" refers to the ratio of discharge capacity under different temperature conditions to the discharge capacity at 25 ℃. This value can accurately reflect the attenuation of battery endurance under different temperature conditions, and the closer it is to 100%, the better the battery performance.

From the above figure, it can be seen that with 25 ℃ as the reference room temperature, there is almost no difference in discharge capacity between the two types of batteries discharged at high temperature of 55 ℃ and at room temperature of 25 ℃. But at minus 20 ℃, ternary lithium batteries have significant advantages compared to lithium iron phosphate batteries.

2、 Higher energy density

According to the information provided by the leading enterprise of 18650 cylindrical batteries in China, Bike Battery, the energy density of its 18650 batteries has reached 232Wh/kg, and will be further increased to 293Wh/kg in the future. In contrast, the current mainstream energy density of lithium iron phosphate batteries in China is only around 150Wh/kg. According to the analysis of domestic battery industry experts, the hope of achieving an energy density of 300Wh/kg in the next few years is very slim.

Unlike bulky electric buses, space always comes first for household electric vehicles. Lithium iron phosphate batteries with lower energy density will occupy limited car space, and due to their heavier weight, their discharge range during use will also be greatly affected. Relatively speaking, ternary lithium batteries with higher energy density not only solve the weight problem but also save space for household use.

3、 Higher charging efficiency

In addition to battery life, charging is also an important part of the practical use of electric vehicles, and ternary lithium batteries have significant advantages in charging efficiency compared to lithium iron phosphate batteries.

The most common charging method on the market currently is constant current and constant voltage charging. Generally, constant current charging is used at the beginning of charging, where the current is higher and the charging efficiency is relatively higher. After the voltage reaches a certain value, reduce the current and switch to constant voltage charging, which can make the battery charge more fully. During this process, the ratio of constant current charging capacity to the total battery capacity is called the constant current ratio. It is a key value for measuring the charging efficiency of a group of batteries during the charging process. The larger the percentage, the higher the amount of electricity charged during the constant current stage, indicating a higher charging efficiency of the battery.

From the table, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in the constant current ratio between ternary lithium batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries when charged below 10C. However, when charged at a rate above 10C, the constant current ratio of lithium iron phosphate batteries rapidly decreases and the charging efficiency rapidly decreases.

4、 The cycle life can be assured

For household vehicles, the rated cycle life of ternary materials and lithium iron phosphate power batteries far exceeds the usage habits of actual users, so the service life can be completely assured. Taking the current high capacity 18650 battery as an example, after 1000 charge and discharge cycles, the battery capacity can still maintain above 90% of its initial capacity. As the author is also an electric vehicle owner, only the coldest month of winter throughout the year, when the heater is frequently turned on, can it be charged every 2 days, and the rest of the time is basically charged every 3-4 days. Assuming an average of charging every 3 days throughout the year, it takes about 6 times to charge for 1 year of use, and a cycle life of 1000 times. It takes about 8 years to complete the use, which basically exceeds the current average car replacement cycle for Chinese consumers.

5、 Sufficient and safe materials and processes

The most harmful part of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles is the fuel that contains enormous energy. Liquid fuels with low ignition points and easy explosion, such as gasoline, can easily cause great safety hazards once leaked. The power batteries of new energy vehicles, after being monitored by a comprehensive Battery Management System (BMS), can receive the most accurate control for each battery, preventing accidents from occurring.

Taking the 18650 battery product of Bike as an example. In the single cell process, Bike chooses to configure protective additives and reactive additives at the positive and negative electrodes respectively to prevent safety issues caused by electrolyte decomposition. At the same time, safety protection measures such as ceramic diaphragms and negative electrode ceramic coatings are added to control the occurrence of accidents from the root cause. In addition, the Buick small cylindrical 18650 battery is in a group mode, with sufficient safety distance between each battery to ensure that accidents with a single battery will not affect other batteries.

Ternary lithium batteries are dominating the future power battery market

In the field of electric vehicles, Tesla in the United States has always been a benchmark for many domestic car companies. When it comes to the strength of traditional car companies in developing new energy vehicles, the launch of BMW i3 has also become a textbook example. Interestingly, both of these cars have chosen ternary lithium batteries as their power batteries. On the other hand, in the domestic market, many automobile manufacturers such as JAC, BYD, and BAIC have also begun to replace their models that originally used lithium iron phosphate batteries with ternary lithium batteries.

As the saying goes: Technology is not good or bad, only suitable or unsuitable. The coincidental choice of battery types by domestic and foreign car companies is definitely not a coincidence. I believe that in the near future, the battery market for electric vehicles will reshuffle, and ternary lithium batteries will also stand firm in the new market due to their characteristics such as low temperature resistance, high energy density, good cycle life with high charging efficiency, and stronger safety.

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