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1) Internal factors

The electrode materials and electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries are flammable, and heating (internal or external) can cause fires and decompose into gases, thereby increasing the possibility of battery explosions. Moreover, the strength of polymer isolation membranes nowadays is relatively low, which can easily damage this layer of film in the event of collision or overheating, leading to battery short circuits.

Meanwhile, defects in manufacturing processes can also easily lead to safety issues in lithium-ion batteries. For example, if the ear of the battery cell is too long and comes into contact with the electrode or housing, it can cause a short circuit; Extreme ear pressure on the core causes a short circuit between the positive and negative poles; Leaving metal powder, copper foil, aluminum foil fragments, etc. between the two poles may cause diaphragm perforation and lead to a series of problems such as micro short circuits.

2) External factors

The external factors that affect the safety of lithium-ion batteries are relatively complex, such as overcharging, external short circuits, violent impacts, etc., which can all cause spontaneous combustion of lithium-ion batteries.

● Heavy metal hazards. Lead dust and smoke may occur in positions such as lead alloy manufacturing, lead powder manufacturing, grid manufacturing, paste mixing, plate coating, plate splitting, ear brushing, plate wrapping, soldering, shell installation, and soldering terminals in the production of lead-acid batteries. During the production of zinc manganese dry batteries, lead dust may occur during the welding of zinc cylinders, and manganese dust may also occur during transportation, mixing, battery cell charging, and paper wrapping and winding processes. Cadmium dust and nickel dust may occur in the production of nickel cadmium batteries, including batching, feeding, stirring, pulping, coating, splitting, and winding. During the production of nickel hydrogen batteries, nickel and cobalt dust may appear in positions such as powder extraction, slurry preparation, slicing, pressing, and winding.

● Graphite dust hazards. Graphite dust may appear in the production of lithium-ion batteries during ingredient preparation, coating, and production.

● Chemical toxicity hazards. In the production of lead-acid batteries, positions such as dispensing and screen printing may come into contact with organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, acetone, butanone, and ethyl acetate. Hydrogen fluoride may appear in the injection position during the production of lithium-ion batteries, while ketones may come into contact with the rolling and cleaning positions. In the production of nickel hydrogen batteries, there are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide in the injection process, and processes such as dispensing and screen printing may come into contact with chemical toxins such as toluene, xylene, and ethanol. Acid mist appears in positions such as sulfuric acid storage, acid blending, acid addition, and charging in the production of lead-acid batteries.

● Noise hazards. In the production of lead-acid batteries, there are processes such as terminal manufacturing, grid manufacturing, plate collection, separation, ear brushing, cleaning, and demolding. In the production of nickel cadmium batteries, there are processes such as stirring and plate separation. In the production of nickel hydrogen batteries, there is noise in processes such as slicing, potting, bumping, and combination collision.

● Harm to the human body. Battery production involves exposure to various heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, cobalt, etc. These heavy metals and their compounds can invade the body from the respiratory tract, skin, and digestive tract, leading to toxic encephalopathy, toxic kidney disease, anemia, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia, chronic respiratory inflammation, respiratory cancer, cobalt cardiomyopathy, allergic dermatitis, and other diseases.

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