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The technological bottleneck in the development of electric vehicles lies in battery performance, so what is the bottleneck of power lithium batteries? Why do power lithium batteries need to be divided into soft and hard packaging? What is its practical significance? Below is an explanation from the perspective of science popularization.

Power lithium batteries are the bottleneck in the development of new energy vehicles

At present, the performance indicators of power lithium-ion batteries cannot meet the requirements of automotive power performance. Specifically, the important thing is that the specific energy indicators differ significantly compared to gasoline and diesel. In order to narrow the gap, car manufacturers are trying various solutions, such as hybrid power, which is a successful example.

Due to the significant difference between the specific energy of the power lithium battery and the specific energy of the fuel, a car can run 260 kilometers at the same speed, and the in car power weight is more than 5 times that of the in car fuel weight. At present, the measures taken for pure electric buses are to adopt multi frequency charging measures to make up for it; The measures taken by urban taxis and pure electric buses are the same. At present, pure electric passenger cars are mostly models below A0 level, which means that the daily driving range is relatively short; Passenger car manufacturers above Class B adhere to the hybrid method.

How to break the bottleneck of power lithium batteries?

In summary, there are three measures to be taken: ① The whole vehicle factory borrows lightweight materials (high-strength steel, aluminum alloy, etc.) to lightweight the entire body structure, enabling it to accommodate heavier batteries. ② In terms of charging facilities, some manufacturers are researching fast charging technology, while others are trying to replace the battery Power lithium battery manufacturers are tackling key issues in battery materials (positive, negative, etc.) to improve their specific energy.

At present, lightweight, fast charging, and battery swapping technologies have their effects, but the improvement space is very limited and cannot be continuously promoted. The most promising aspect is that power lithium battery manufacturers focus on tackling key issues in battery materials (positive and negative electrodes, etc.), and the results are relatively objective and sustainable. The battery manufacturer has gradually improved the battery outsourcing form (soft and hard packaging) and the battery pack connection method.

At present, the bottleneck of lithium-ion power batteries has not been completely broken through, but progress is promising. In China, the specific energy of lithium-ion power was 80wh/kg in 2008, and by the end of 2017, its specific energy had exceeded 300wh/kg, nearly quadrupling in 10 years.

The packaging structure of power lithium batteries is also a specific measure to break the bottleneck

Power lithium batteries are divided into two types: soft and hard, with hard packaging further divided into cylindrical and square. Each packaging structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, with the basic intention of meeting different market requirements. From the perspective of market trends, the proportion of soft pack batteries is increasing, estimated to exceed 50%.

1) Characteristics of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries: ① The production process of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries is mature, with a high degree of automation and low PACK cost; ② There are many models. 18650, 21700, 26500, etc.; ③ The cylindrical battery has various forms and is suitable for the full layout of electric vehicle space design; ④ Cylindrical battery packs have a large heat dissipation area and are generally packaged in steel or aluminum shells with relatively low specific energy.

2) Characteristics of square lithium-ion battery cells: Aluminum shell square and cylindrical cells are generally also aluminum shell, and their protective use for battery cells is better than that of aluminum plastic film batteries (i.e. soft pack batteries). The safety of battery cells has also been greatly improved compared to cylindrical cells; However, consistency assurance is relatively difficult, with too many models and difficult to unify processes, making it suitable for customized production and inconvenient for automated production of battery packs.

3) Characteristics of soft pack lithium-ion battery pool: Soft pack battery is another term for polymer battery. Compared with cylindrical battery, it has various advantages such as small size, light weight, high specific energy, high safety, and flexible design The weight of soft pack batteries is 40% lighter than steel shell lithium batteries of the same capacity, and 20% lighter than aluminum shell batteries; ② Large capacity. The capacity of soft pack batteries is 10-15% higher than steel shell batteries of the same size, and 5-10% higher than aluminum shell batteries. ③ Low internal resistance. The internal resistance of soft pack batteries is smaller than that of lithium-ion batteries. Currently, the minimum internal resistance of domestic soft pack battery cells can reach below 35m, greatly reducing the battery's self consumption Flexible design. The shape of the soft pack battery can be customized according to customer needs, and new battery cell models can be developed.

Soft pack lithium-ion batteries meet the basic direction of improving specific energy and are an effective measure to break bottlenecks. Car manufacturers need power lithium battery packs, but they are not familiar with battery cells. It is best to communicate with power lithium battery manufacturers, and the overall direction is to promote soft pack batteries.

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